Nobeoka Castle (Nobeoka City, Miyazaki Prefecture) Complete Guide | A Thorough Explanation of the Stone Walls That Killed a Thousand Men and the History of the Castle Town
What is Nobeoka Castle?
Nobeoka Castle is a Japanese castle located in Honkoji, Nobeoka City, Miyazaki Prefecture. Construction began in 1601 (Keicho 6) by Takahashi Mototane and was completed in 1603 (Keicho 8). Originally called Agata Castle, it is also known as Kamei Castle.
Nobeoka Castle is known as a representative early modern castle of Miyazaki Prefecture, and is a flatland castle built on a hill approximately 50 meters above sea level at the confluence of the Gokase River and the Ose River. Currently, it is maintained as Shiroyama Park and serves as a place of relaxation for citizens. In 2017 (Heisei 29), it was selected as one of the “Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles,” attracting attention from castle enthusiasts as a historical site. The castle features a structure centered around the main keep, second bailey, and third bailey, and the high stone walls of the second bailey are particularly famous for the legend of “killing a thousand people.” Although many of the buildings were lost after the Meiji Restoration, the remains such as the stone walls and moats are well-preserved, conveying the castle’s structure from that time.
Overview of Nobeoka Castle
Basic Information
- Location: Honkoji, Nobeoka City, Miyazaki Prefecture
- Castle Structure: Hilltop Castle
- Year of Construction: Keicho 6 (1601) – Keicho 8 (1603)
- Builder: Takahashi Mototane
- Main Lords: Takahashi, Arima, Miura, Makino, Naito
- Year of Abandonment: Meiji 4 (1871)
- Remains: Stone walls, moats, earthworks
- Designated Cultural Property: Miyazaki Prefecture Designated Historic Site, Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles (No. 195)
Geographical Characteristics
Nobeoka Castle is located north of the confluence of the Gokase River and the Ose River, built on a strategically advantageous site that skillfully utilizes the natural terrain. The castle’s north and east sides faced the river, and its south and west sides were surrounded by moats, creating a strong defensive system protected by water on all four sides.
The castle town spread out to the south of the castle, and its grid-like town layout remains to this day. Nobeoka, as a strategic point in northern Hyuga Province, was a vital transportation hub connecting Bungo (Oita Prefecture) and Hyuga, and developed as a center of politics, economy, and military affairs.
History of Nobeoka Castle
Nobeoka Before Castle Construction
People have lived in the Nobeoka area since ancient times. In the Middle Ages, the Tsuchimochi clan built Matsuo Castle and controlled the area. During the Sengoku period, it came under the influence of the Shimazu clan and functioned as an important base in Hyuga Province.
After Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s conquest of Kyushu, this region came under the control of the Toyotomi regime, and in 1595 (Bunroku 4), Takahashi Mototane was appointed as the lord of Agata Province with a 50,000 koku domain. Initially, Takahashi Mototane resided at Matsuo Castle, but due to its limited space, he planned the construction of a new castle.
The Era of Takahashi Mototane
Takahashi Mototane (1560-1623) was born the son of Takahashi Shigetane, a senior retainer of Otomo Sorin, a Sengoku period daimyo of Bungo Province. After the fall of the Otomo clan, he served Toyotomi Hideyoshi and was granted a 50,000 koku domain for his achievements in the pacification of Kyushu.
In 1601 (Keicho 6), Takahashi Mototane began construction of a new castle. The chosen site was a hilly area near the confluence of the Gokase River and the Ose River, a location with convenient water transport and excellent defensive capabilities. Construction took approximately three years and was completed in 1603 (Keicho 8).
Initially called “Kenjo” (Agata Castle), it was later renamed “Nobeoka Castle.” Takahashi Mototane dedicated himself to developing the castle town, inviting merchants and craftsmen to promote its prosperity. He also improved transportation by constructing the Ose Bridge over the Gokase River.
Takahashi Mototane ruled Nobeoka until his death at the age of 64 in 1623, laying the foundation for the Nobeoka Domain. After Mototane’s death, the Takahashi family line ended without an heir, and the Nobeoka Domain temporarily became a direct territory of the shogunate.
Arima Yasuzumi Era
In 1639, Arima Yasuzumi was appointed to Nobeoka with a stipend of 53,000 koku, having moved from Kariya in Mikawa Province. The Arima clan was a branch of Arima Harunobu, known for his role in the Shimabara Rebellion. Yasuzumi, as the lord of the Hyuga Nobeoka Domain, worked to improve the castle and stabilize the domain’s administration.
During the Arima era, the castle’s structures were improved, particularly the construction of a three-story turret used as a substitute for the main keep. They also focused on expanding the castle town and promoting industry, contributing to the development of the Nobeoka Domain.
The Arima clan ruled Nobeoka for four generations, but in 1679 (Enpo 7), the fourth lord, Arima Kiyozumi, was transferred to the Kurume Domain in Chikugo Province, marking the end of the Arima clan’s rule over Nobeoka.
The Miura Clan Era
In 1679 (Enpo 7), Miura Akihiro was transferred from Kariya in Totomi Province to Nobeoka with a stipend of 53,000 koku. The Miura clan was a branch of the Mikawa Miura clan and a hereditary daimyo with strong ties to the Tokugawa family.
The Miura clan’s rule was relatively short; in 1686 (Jōkyō 3), the second lord, Miura Akitsugu, was transferred to the Shirakawa Domain in Mutsu Province, leaving Nobeoka after only seven years.
Makino Clan Era
In 1686 (Jōkyō 3), Makino Narinaka was transferred from Nagaoka in Echigo Province to Nobeoka with a stipend of 53,000 koku. The Makino clan was a prestigious family in Echigo, and Narinaka, the second son of Makino Narisada, became the lord of the Nobeoka Domain.
During the Makino clan’s rule, the castle was maintained and managed, but in 1717 (Kyōhō 2), the second lord, Makino Sadamichi, was transferred to the Nagaoka Domain in Echigo Province, ending the Makino clan’s rule of Nobeoka after 31 years.
The Naito Clan Era and the End of the Edo Period
In 1717 (Kyoho 2), Naito Masaki was appointed to Nobeoka from Tanaka in Suruga Province with a domain of 70,000 koku. The Naito clan was a hereditary daimyo family descended from Naito Kiyonari, a senior retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu, and ruled Nobeoka for seven generations until the Meiji Restoration.
During the Naito era, efforts were made to stabilize the domain’s administration and promote industry. Forestry and papermaking, in particular, flourished, supporting the Nobeoka domain’s finances. Education was also a priority, and the domain school, “Kogyokan,” was established to cultivate talent.
During the turbulent period at the end of the Edo period, the last lord, Naito Masatake, promoted domain reforms, focusing on military reforms and industrial development. During the Boshin War, the Naito clan sided with the new government, leading to the Meiji Restoration.
After the Meiji Era
With the abolition of the feudal domains and establishment of prefectures in 1871 (Meiji 4), the Nobeoka Domain was abolished and incorporated into Miyazaki Prefecture via Nobeoka Prefecture. The castle was dismantled by the Meiji government, and many of its structures were demolished or sold off. The three-story turret, which served as a substitute for the main keep, burned down in the early Meiji period and was never rebuilt.
During the Taisho era, the castle ruins were developed into a park and opened to the public as “Shiroyama Park.” During the Showa period, restoration work was carried out on the stone walls, and efforts were made to preserve the remains.
Since the Heisei era, efforts have been made to revitalize the historical landscape, including the restoration of the North Main Gate. In 2017 (Heisei 29), it was selected as one of the “Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles,” attracting attention as a tourist resource.
Successive Lords of Nobeoka Castle
Nobeoka Castle was ruled by several daimyo families throughout the Edo period. The successive lords are summarized below.
The Takahashi Clan Era (1595–1623)
- Takahashi Mototane: 1595–1623, 50,000 koku
- Constructed Nobeoka Castle and developed the castle town.
- Had no heir, resulting in the extinction of the clan.
Shogunate Direct Control Period (1623–1639)
After the extinction of the Takahashi clan, Nobeoka temporarily became a territory directly controlled by the Shogunate.
Arima Clan Era (1639–1679)
- Arima Yasuzumi: 1639–1655, 53,000 koku
- Arima Kiyozumi: 1655–1663
- Arima Ujizumi: 1663–1672
- Arima Kiyozumi: 1672–1679
- Transferred to Kurume Domain
Miura Clan Era (1679–1686)
- Miura Akihiro: 1679–1681, 53,000 koku
- Miura Akitsugu: 1681–1686
- Transferred to Shirakawa Domain
Makino Clan Era (1686-1717)
- Makino Narinaka: 1686-1705, 53,000 koku
- Makino Sadamichi: 1705-1717
- Transferred to Nagaoka Domain
Naito Clan Era (1717-1871)
- Naito Masaki: 1717-1729, 70,000 koku
- Naito Masasada: 1729-1739
- Naito Masaharu: 1739-1771
- Naito Masanaga: 1771-1792
- Naito Masatsugu (1792-1827):
- Naito Masayoshi (1827-1854):
- Naito Masataka (1854-1871):
- The last lord of the Nobeoka Domain, witnessing the abolition of the feudal domains and establishment of prefectures.
Structure and Highlights of Nobeoka Castle
Layout and Castle Structure
Nobeoka Castle is a flatland castle with a concentric layout, centered around the main keep (Honmaru), with the second and third baileys (Ninmaru and Sannomaru) arranged around it. The Honmaru was located at the highest point and surrounded by high stone walls. The Ninmaru was located south of the Honmaru and housed the lord’s residence and government offices. The Sannomaru further surrounded the outer area and housed the residences of retainers and government offices.
The north and east sides of the castle were protected by the natural moats of the Gokase River and the Ose River, while artificial moats were dug on the south and west sides. Furthermore, multiple gates were constructed within the castle grounds, creating a robust defensive system.
The Thousand-Man Killing Stone Wall
The greatest highlight of Nobeoka Castle is the approximately 22-meter-high high stone wall on the north side of the second bailey, commonly known as the **Thousand-Man Killing Stone. This stone wall has an intriguing legend.
It is said that within the wall was a specific stone called the “Drum Stone,” and removing this stone would cause the entire wall to collapse, killing a thousand attacking enemy soldiers. While physically impossible, this legend has been passed down as a way to intimidate the enemy.
Currently, the stone wall shows signs of deterioration over time, with bulging, and its base has been reinforced with concrete. Nevertheless, its imposing presence continues to captivate many visitors as a representative landscape of Nobeoka Castle. The stone walls utilize both the “nozurazumi” (rough-stone masonry) and “uchikomi-tsugi” (fitted stone masonry) techniques, making them a valuable historical site for understanding early Edo period stonework.
Honmaru Site
The Honmaru is the central and highest point of the castle. Currently a plaza, it once housed a three-story turret that served as a substitute for a keep. From the Honmaru, one can enjoy a panoramic view of Nobeoka city and the Gokase River, making it a renowned scenic spot.
Stone walls remain around the Honmaru, allowing visitors to appreciate the scale of the castle at the time. In spring, cherry blossoms bloom, making it a popular spot for cherry blossom viewing.
Kita-Otemon Gate
Restored in 2011, the Kita-Otemon Gate was an important gate that served as the main entrance to Nobeoka Castle. Reconstructed in wood, it faithfully reproduces its original appearance.
Stone walls remain on both sides of the gate, allowing visitors to appreciate the beauty of castle architecture. At night, it is illuminated, creating a magical atmosphere.
Stone Walls and Moats
The stone walls remaining throughout the castle grounds are important historical structures of Nobeoka Castle. Various techniques such as rough-hewn stonework, fitted stonework, and cut stonework can be seen, indicating that different construction methods were used depending on the time and location of construction.
Parts of the moats also remain, allowing visitors to imagine the former defensive structures. The western moat, in particular, is well-preserved and has been developed into a walking path.
Shiroyama Park
The Nobeoka Castle ruins are now developed into Shiroyama Park, a place of relaxation for citizens. Walking paths are maintained within the park, allowing visitors to enjoy the changing seasons.
In spring, approximately 300 cherry trees bloom, making it one of Miyazaki Prefecture’s leading cherry blossom viewing spots and attracting many visitors. Autumn is also a beautiful time for strolling, with its vibrant autumn foliage.
Information boards and explanatory panels introducing the history of Nobeoka Castle are installed within the park, allowing visitors to enjoy a walk while learning about the castle’s history.
Nobeoka Castle and the Culture of Nobeoka
Traces of the Castle Town
The castle town of Nobeoka Castle is characterized by its grid-like street layout. Even today, remnants of this layout can be seen in the central part of Nobeoka City, allowing visitors to experience a historical atmosphere.
While the castle town was once lined with samurai residences and merchant houses, many of these have now disappeared. However, some old buildings remain, offering opportunities for historical walks.
Nobeoka’s Industry and Asahi Kasei
Since the Meiji era, Nobeoka has developed as an industrial city. In particular, after Asahi Kasei (then Asahi Silk Weaving) built a factory in Nobeoka in 1923, Nobeoka rapidly developed as a chemical industry town.
Nobeoka, the birthplace of Asahi Kasei, prospered as a company town and became the economic center of northern Miyazaki Prefecture. Asahi Kasei’s main factories are still in operation today, supporting the economy of Nobeoka City.
Nobeoka’s Food Culture
Nobeoka is known for its unique food culture. It is particularly famous as the birthplace of “Chicken Nanban,” and the city boasts many renowned restaurants specializing in this dish.
Furthermore, due to its location surrounded by the sea and mountains, Nobeoka is blessed with an abundance of fresh seafood and mountain produce, allowing visitors to enjoy dishes such as seafood bowls and ayu (sweetfish) dishes. Traditional local cuisine, characteristic of a castle town, has also been passed down through generations, delighting visitors.
Access and Tourist Information
Access Methods
Access by Train
- Approximately 20 minutes on foot from JR Nippo Main Line “Nobeoka Station”
- Approximately 5 minutes by taxi
Access by Car
- Approximately 10 minutes from Higashi-Kyushu Expressway “Nobeoka IC”
- Parking: Shiroyama Park Parking (free) available
Access by Bus
- Immediately after alighting at “Shiroyama Park-mae” bus stop on the city loop bus from Nobeoka Station
Visiting Information
- Opening Hours: Always open (park area)
- Admission Fee: Free
- Estimated Time Required: Approximately 1-2 hours
- Best Season: Spring (cherry blossom season), Autumn (autumn foliage season)
Nearby Tourist Spots
Imayama Hachimangu Shrine
A shrine revered as the guardian shrine of Nobeoka Castle, and known as the general guardian shrine of Nobeoka.
Naito Memorial Museum
A museum exhibiting materials related to the Naito family, the last ruling family of the feudal domain.
Atagoyama
A viewpoint offering panoramic views of Nobeoka city, also known as a famous spot for night views.
Gokase River
Known as a popular spot for ayu (sweetfish) fishing, it also offers enjoyable walks along the river.
Mukabakiyama
Located southwest of Nobeoka city, Mukabaki Falls is one of Japan’s Top 100 Waterfalls.
Cultural Property Designation and Evaluation of Nobeoka Castle
Nobeoka Castle ruins were designated a Miyazaki Prefecture Historic Site in 1973. In 2017, it was selected as one of the “Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles” (No. 195), increasing its national recognition.
The stamp for the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles can be obtained at Nobeoka City Hall and the Nobeoka Castle Ruins Information Center. Among castle enthusiasts, the “Thousand-Man Killing Stone Wall” and the well-preserved stone walls are highly valued.
Preservation and Utilization of Nobeoka Castle
Nobeoka City is actively working on the preservation and utilization of the Nobeoka Castle ruins. Restoration work on the stone walls and archaeological excavations of the remains are continuously being carried out, and efforts are being made to pass on the historical value of the castle to future generations.
In recent years, following the restoration of the North Main Gate, plans for the restoration of other structures are also being considered. Furthermore, events and historical lectures utilizing the castle ruins are being held, contributing to raising citizens’ historical awareness and promoting tourism.
Nobeoka Castle, as a symbol of Nobeoka City and a representative historical heritage of Miyazaki Prefecture, will undoubtedly continue to be carefully preserved and utilized in the future.
Summary
Nobeoka Castle is a flatland castle built by Takahashi Mototane in the early Edo period, and is a representative early modern castle of Miyazaki Prefecture. It was built over three years starting in 1601 (Keicho 6) and functioned as the administrative center of the Nobeoka Domain until the Meiji Restoration.
Nobeoka Castle, ruled by several daimyo families including the Takahashi, Arima, Miura, Makino, and Naito clans, saw improvements to its fortifications and the development of its surrounding town during each era. The Naito clan, in particular, ruled Nobeoka for 154 years over seven generations, contributing significantly to the stability of the domain’s administration and the promotion of industry.
The most striking feature of Nobeoka Castle is its towering 22-meter-high stone wall, known as the “Thousand-Man Killer.” Legend says that removing a specific stone from this wall would cause the entire structure to collapse, making it a beloved symbol of the castle.
Currently, the Nobeoka Castle ruins have been developed into Shiroyama Park, a popular recreational area for citizens. It’s a beloved spot for cherry blossom viewing in spring and a popular historical walking destination. In 2017, it was selected as one of the “Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles,” attracting nationwide attention.
Nobeoka Castle is an important historical site indispensable to understanding the history of Miyazaki Prefecture, and it is hoped that its preservation and utilization will continue to progress. When you visit Nobeoka, be sure to visit this historic castle site and experience its charm for yourself.
