Kumajo Castle (Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture) Complete Guide: Highlights and Access to the Fortified Mountain Castle with Remaining Ridge-Shaped Vertical Moats
Kumajo Castle, located in Kamitsekisui-cho, Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture, is a Sengoku period mountain castle that functioned as a subsidiary castle of Yogaiyama Castle, an important base of the Takeda clan. Built on a ridge approximately 720 meters above sea level, this castle is characterized by its magnificent ridge-shaped vertical moats and continuous trenches, and is highly regarded by castle enthusiasts as a valuable historical site that strongly preserves the defensive structure of a Sengoku period mountain castle.
History and Role of Kumajo Castle
Position in the Takeda Clan’s Defense Network
Kumajo Castle is a subsidiary castle built on the eastern ridge of Yogaiyama Castle, which was built by Takeda Nobutora in Eisho 17 (1520). It played an important role in complementing the defensive functions of Yogaiyama Castle, which protected Tsutsujigasaki-kan (the Takeda clan’s base). Located in a strategic position overlooking the Kofu Basin, it is believed to have been built to monitor and defend against enemy incursions from the east.
Characteristics of a Sengoku Period Mountain Castle
Kuma Castle is a typical Sengoku period mountain castle, characterized by its layout that skillfully utilizes the natural terrain. By utilizing the steep ridges and strategically placing trenches and vertical moats to hinder enemy advances, it was possible to effectively defend even with a small force. It is attracting attention from castle researchers as a testament to the high level of castle-building technology of the Takeda clan.
Layout and Highlights of Kuma Castle’s Remains
Arrangement of the Main Enclosure and Enclosure Groups
The main enclosure of Kuma Castle measures approximately 20 meters east-west and 15 meters north-south. While relatively small, it is strategically positioned to control key locations. Multiple enclosures are arranged along the ridge, forming a tiered defensive line. Clear cliffs are provided between each enclosure, demonstrating ingenuity in making enemy advances difficult.
A System of Continuous Moats
One of the greatest highlights of Kuma Castle is the series of moats that cut across the ridge. In particular, three to four moats are arranged in a row along the northern ridge, creating a multi-layered defensive system to prevent enemy intrusion. These moats are approximately 2-3 meters deep and 3-5 meters wide, and their clear shapes can still be seen today.
The bottoms of the moats are dug at a sharp angle, indicating the difficulty for enemies to cross them. Furthermore, traces of earthworks remain on both sides of the moats, suggesting a structure that gave the defenders an advantage in battle.
A Breathtaking Group of Ridge-Shaped Vertical Moats
Castle enthusiasts who visit Kuma Castle describe the group of ridge-shaped vertical moats remaining on the eastern slope as “magnificent remains that make you want to shout with delight.” This series of ridged vertical trenches is a defensive structure designed to attack enemies climbing the slope from the flank and restrict their advance routes, representing the pinnacle of castle construction techniques from the Sengoku period.
The series of ridged vertical trenches at Kuma Castle consists of 5 to 7 parallel trenches, each 2 to 3 meters wide, descending the slope. Its scale and excellent state of preservation are among the finest in Yamanashi Prefecture. Between the trenches are raised earthen mounds called “une,” which acted as barriers to hinder enemy lateral movement.
At the site, visitors can observe the trenches descending the mountain slope up close, appreciating the ingenious design of Sengoku period mountain castles. The structure is particularly clearly visible during the winter when the leaves have fallen, making it an ideal time for castle enthusiasts to visit.
Structure of Earthworks and Cut Slopes
Traces of earthworks remain around each enclosure, and particularly around the main enclosure, earthworks approximately 1 to 2 meters high can be observed. Furthermore, clear cliffs (artificially carved steep slopes) are constructed between the baileys, demonstrating ingenuity in making enemy advances difficult. These remains, while weathered by natural processes, still convey the appearance of the castle at the time of its construction.
Access to Kuma Castle and Climbing Route
Basic Information
- Location: Kamitsukusui-ji-cho, Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture
- Elevation: Approximately 720 meters
- Relative Height: Approximately 200 meters from the base
- Nearest Station: Approximately 20 minutes by car from Kofu Station on the JR Chuo Main Line
- Parking: Parking available at the Yogaiyama Castle trailhead parking lot (free, approximately 10 cars)
Recommended Route via Yogaiyama Castle
While it is possible to climb Kuma Castle directly from the base, the lack of signposts makes it difficult to navigate. Therefore, the route visiting both Kuma Castle and Yogaiyama Castle is generally recommended.
Procedure for Visiting the Castle:
- Park your car at the Yogaiyama Castle trailhead parking lot.
- Climb the trail to Yogaiyama Castle (approximately 30-40 minutes).
- Visit the main enclosure of Yogaiyama Castle.
- Proceed northeast from the rear entrance (Karamete).
- At the fork in the path (where a ceramic ashtray used to be), turn right.
- Follow the ridge to the north and arrive at Kumajo Castle (approximately 10-15 minutes from the fork).
Important Notes:
- The marker (ashtray) at the fork has been removed, so using a GPS-enabled smartphone or hiking app is recommended.
- Although the trail is well-maintained, it is a mountain path, so appropriate equipment such as hiking boots is necessary.
- Be careful as it can be slippery in rainy weather or after rain.
- Be aware of wild animals such as bears and wild boars, and carrying a bell is recommended.
Access by Public Transportation
From JR Kofu Station, take a bus to the Sekisui-ji bus stop (approximately 25 minutes), then walk for about 40 minutes to reach the trailhead. However, bus services are limited, so it’s necessary to check the timetable in advance. Taking a taxi is also an option; it takes about 20 minutes from Kofu Station to the trailhead and costs around 3,000 yen.
Practical Guide to Visiting Kuma Castle
Estimated Time and Difficulty
Visiting Kuma Castle alone takes about 30 minutes, but if visiting both Kuma Castle and Yogaiyama Castle, you should allow 3-4 hours round trip. The hiking trail is well-maintained, but there are steep ascents and descents typical of mountain castles, so those without confidence in their physical fitness should plan accordingly.
Equipment to Bring
- Hiking boots or trekking shoes
- Drinking water (1 liter or more recommended)
- Snacks (chocolate, nuts, etc.)
- Rain gear (mountain weather is unpredictable)
- Bear bell or whistle (for protection against wild animals)
- Smartphone with GPS functionality
- Camera (for photographing the ruins)
- Map and compass
- First-aid kit
Best Time to Visit
Kumajo Castle is accessible year-round, but its appearance varies greatly depending on the season.
Spring (March-May): The fresh greenery is beautiful, the weather is mild, and it’s a suitable time to visit the castle. However, the ruins become difficult to see once the vegetation begins to grow.
Summer (June-August): The vegetation grows thick, making it difficult to observe the ruins. Also, the heat and insects make it unsuitable for castle visits.
Autumn (September-November): The autumn foliage is beautiful, the temperature is moderate, and it’s the best time to visit the castle. However, since vegetation still remains, the conditions for observing the ruins are inferior to those in winter.
Winter (December-February): This is the time when the ruins are most clearly visible due to the fallen leaves, making it highly recommended for castle enthusiasts. However, caution is needed regarding snow and ice.
Photography Points
Here are some points for effectively photographing the highlights of Kumajo Castle.
- Ridge-shaped Vertical Moats: By looking down from the eastern slope, you can capture the appearance of multiple vertical moats running parallel to each other. Morning lighting conditions are best in winter.
- Continuous Moats: For the moats on the northern ridge, standing at the bottom of the moat and looking up at the cliffs on both sides will convey their depth and defensive strength.
- View from the Main Enclosure: If the weather is good, you can see the Kofu Basin and take photos that demonstrate the importance of the castle’s location.
Visit the surrounding castles as well
Yogaiyama Castle (within walking distance)
When visiting Kuma Castle, be sure to also visit Yogaiyama Castle. Known as the birthplace of Takeda Shingen, it is a large mountain castle with numerous enclosures arranged in a stepped pattern around the main enclosure. Various remains such as stone walls, earthworks, and moats remain, allowing for a comparison with the different structure of Kuma Castle.
Tsutsujigasaki Mansion (approx. 15 minutes by car)
This was the base of the Takeda clan for three generations, and is now maintained as Takeda Shrine. Remains such as earthworks, moats, and gates remain, allowing you to experience the scale of the Takeda clan’s residence. You can view items related to the Takeda clan in the treasure hall.
Kofu Castle (approx. 20 minutes by car)
This is a modern castle built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi as a base for his control of the Kanto region, and remains such as stone walls and the castle tower base remain. Unlike the Sengoku period mountain castles of Kuma Castle and Yogaiyama Castle, it has a completely different structure, allowing visitors to learn about the development of castles.
Yumurayama Castle (approx. 10 minutes by car)
An old mountain castle that existed before the Takeda clan, it overlooks the Kofu Basin, similar to Kuma Castle. Although small in scale, it retains the characteristics of a medieval mountain castle.
How to Enjoy Kuma Castle and Castle Fan Reviews
Reviews from Castle Fans
Kuma Castle receives high praise on castle websites such as Kojodan. In particular, the excellent state of preservation and scale of the ridged vertical moat system has garnered praise from many visitors, who describe it as “magnificent” and “awe-inspiring.” While some point out that “the entrance to the castle is difficult to find from the south side,” the magnificence of the remaining structures more than compensates for this.
Elements that can be enjoyed by beginners to advanced users
Beginner-friendly: The walking trail from Yogaiyama Castle is relatively well-maintained, making it suitable as an introduction to mountain castles. The site features easily recognizable remains such as a series of ridged vertical moats, allowing visitors to experience the defensive techniques of the Sengoku period firsthand.
Intermediate Level: You can observe diverse remains such as moats, earthworks, and cliffs, and enjoy interpreting the castle’s layout. Considering its positional relationship with Yogaiyama Castle and the coordination of its defensive lines will deepen your understanding of the castle network.
Advanced Level: The site offers valuable opportunities for detailed observation of the ridged vertical moats and comparative research with other castles related to the Takeda clan. Bringing a castle layout map and comparing it to the actual terrain is also enjoyable.
History and Culture of Kofu City
Overview of Kofu City
Kofu City is the capital of Yamanashi Prefecture and a core city with a population of approximately 190,000. Located in the center of the Kofu Basin, it is a basin city surrounded by mountains such as the Okuchichibu Mountains, Misaka Mountains, and the Southern Alps. The writer Osamu Dazai described this topography as follows: “Imagine a top hat about to tip over, with a tiny flag planted at the bottom—if you think of that as Kofu, you’ll be right.”
History as a Castle Town of the Takeda Clan
Kofu flourished as the base of the Takeda clan during the Sengoku period. From Takeda Nobutora, who built Tsutsujigasaki Castle, to Shingen and Katsuyori, it developed as the center of Kai Province for three generations. Kuma Castle and Yogaiyama Castle were part of the defensive structures built during the Takeda era, playing a role in protecting the castle town of Kofu.
Modern Kofu Tourism
Modern Kofu City boasts a variety of tourist attractions, including wineries, hot springs, and fruit picking, in addition to historical sites related to the Takeda clan. A bronze statue of Takeda Shingen stands near Kofu Station, and the “Shingen Festival” is held every April, attracting many tourists.
Precautions and Manners When Visiting Kumajo Castle
Safety Precautions
- The mountain trails can be slippery in places, so walk carefully.
- Avoid climbing alone; visit with others if possible.
- Plan your trip with ample time to prepare for sudden changes in weather.
- If you feel unwell, do not push yourself and turn back.
- Cell phone reception may be weak in some areas, so inform family members or others of your destination in advance.
Manners for Protecting the Ruins
- Do not climb on the ruins or damage the earthworks.
- Always take your trash with you.
- Collecting plants or capturing animals is prohibited.
- The use of fire is strictly prohibited.
- Taking any part of the ruins is a violation of the Cultural Properties Protection Act.
Consideration for Local Residents
- The area around the trailhead is a residential area, so be mindful of noise.
- Avoid parking on the street; use the designated parking area.
- Do not trespass on private property.
Current Status and Future Challenges of Kumajo Castle Research
Academic Research Status
Regarding Kumajo Castle, detailed archaeological excavations have not been conducted, and historical documents are limited. Therefore, many aspects of its construction date and specific usage remain unclear. However, based on the shape of the remains and its location relative to Yogaiyama Castle, it is almost certain that it was a subsidiary castle during the Takeda clan era.
Preservation and Utilization Efforts
Currently, Kumajo Castle is not undergoing any special preservation or maintenance and remains in its natural state. While this has the advantage of minimizing alteration of the remains, it also carries the risk of the remains becoming unclear due to weathering and overgrown vegetation. Future efforts to strike a balance between appropriate preservation management and utilization are expected.
After Visiting Kumajo Castle
Recommended Spots in Kofu City
After visiting Kumajo Castle, enjoy sightseeing in Kofu City. There are tourist spots such as Takeda Shrine, Kofu Castle Ruins (Maizuru Castle Park), and Shosenkyo Gorge. Also, around Kofu Station, there are many restaurants serving Yamanashi specialties such as Hoto noodles and Torimotsu-ni (chicken giblet stew), where you can relax after your hike.
Refreshing Hot Springs
Yumura Onsen, located about 10 minutes by car from Kumajo Castle, is an ancient hot spring with a 1200-year history. It boasts excellent day-trip bathing facilities, making it ideal for relieving fatigue after visiting the castle. The alkaline simple hot spring water is gentle on the skin and is said to be effective in relieving fatigue.
Castle Visit Records
By posting records of your visit to Kumajo Castle on castle websites such as Kojodan, you can share information with other castle enthusiasts. Posting photos and impressions will be helpful for future visitors and contribute to the spread of castle culture.
Summary
Kumajo Castle is a Sengoku period mountain castle remaining in Kofu City, Yamanashi Prefecture. Its impressive remains, including a series of ridged vertical moats and continuous trenches, are highly regarded. As a branch castle of Yogaiyama Castle, it played a part in the Takeda clan’s defense network and remains a valuable historical site that conveys the high level of castle construction technology of the time.
The route via Yogaiyama Castle is recommended for access, and using GPS will make it easier to find the branching points. The winter season, when the leaves have fallen, is ideal for observing the ruins, making it especially recommended for castle enthusiasts.
Nearby, there are numerous historical sites associated with the Takeda clan, including Yogaiyama Castle, Tsutsujigasaki Mansion, and Kofu Castle. Spending a day exploring these sites will provide a deep understanding of the history of Kai Province during the Sengoku period. Please ensure you are properly equipped and prepared to safely enjoy the charm of Kuma Castle.
Imagine the view seen by samurai of the Sengoku period from atop a mountain overlooking the Kofu Basin as you observe the remains such as the ridged trenches and moats. This experience will be an unforgettable memory for history buffs. Please visit Kuma Castle and experience the allure of a Sengoku mountain castle firsthand.
