Uchikatayama Castle (Tsushima City, Nagasaki Prefecture) Complete Guide: History and Highlights of a Supply Base during the Bunroku-Keicho War
Located in Tsushima City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Uchikatayama Castle is a mountain castle built as an important base for Japan’s invasion of Korea at the end of the Sengoku period. This castle is a valuable historical site that conveys the strategic role Tsushima played in Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s Bunroku-Keicho War.
Historical Background of Uchikatayama Castle
Construction History and the Bunroku-Keicho War
Uchikatayama Castle was built between 1591 (Tensho 19) and 1592 (Bunroku 1). When Toyotomi Hideyoshi planned his invasion of Korea, Tsushima held an extremely important position as a frontline base connecting mainland Japan and the Korean Peninsula.
Hideyoshi established his headquarters at Nagoya Castle in Hizen Province (present-day Karatsu City, Saga Prefecture), but he had several castles built on Tsushima Island to serve as supply bases. Gekikatayama Castle was a central one among them, and it is said to have been constructed in a short period of time under the command of Mori Takamasa, who was dispatched as a military supervisor.
Mori Takamasa and the Castle Construction Projects of Tsushima
Mori Takamasa was entrusted with castle construction and military management on Tsushima Island under the Toyotomi regime. In addition to Gekikatayama Castle, he also constructed the nearby Shimizuyama Castle (also known as Kessekiyama Castle) around the same time. These castles were positioned around Oura Bay and designed to function as bases for expeditions to Korea.
In 1592 (Bunroku 1), a large army led by Konishi Yukinaga and Tsushima’s lord, So Yoshitomo, sailed from Oura Bay to the Korean Peninsula. Gekikatayama Castle played a crucial role in this large-scale logistical operation, serving as a troop assembly point, a supply depot, and a base for managing the fleet.
Strategic Location in Tsushima
Tsushima has historically been a vital point of exchange between Japan and the Korean Peninsula. During the Bunroku-Keicho War, Tsushima was not merely a transit point, but a lifeline supporting continuous supply and troop transport. Gekikatayama Castle’s location on a hill overlooking Oura Bay made it ideal for monitoring ships and defending the harbor.
Tsushima City, within Nagasaki Prefecture, is particularly close to the Korean Peninsula, so close that on a clear day, the cityscape of Busan can be seen. This geographical condition made the castle complex on Tsushima, including Gekikatayama Castle, a crucial strategic point during the Bunroku-Keicho War.
Structure and Layout of Gekikatayama Castle
Characteristics as a Mountain Castle
Gekikatayama Castle is a typical Sengoku period mountain castle, possessing a defensive structure that takes advantage of the steep terrain. Multiple baileys (kuruma) are arranged around the mountaintop, forming a defensive line reinforced with stone walls.
The castle is located at an altitude of approximately 200 meters, and the approach path is steep, making it a natural stronghold that makes enemy intrusion difficult. This topographical advantage, combined with artificial defensive structures, resulted in a robust castle.
Arrangement and Function of the Baileys
Gekikatayama Castle has multiple baileys arranged in stages around the main bailey. The main bailey is located at the mountaintop and is thought to have housed the lord’s or commander’s headquarters. The second and third baileys are arranged around it, used for troop garrisoning and storage of supplies.
Each bailey is demarcated by stone walls, forming a clear defensive line. The stone walls, particularly those around the main enclosure, remain in relatively good condition, demonstrating the high level of castle-building technology of the time.
Characteristics of the Stone Walls and Castle-Building Techniques
The stone walls of Gekigatayama Castle were constructed using a technique called “nozurazumi” (rough stone masonry). This method involves stacking natural stones as they are, a characteristic often seen in mountain castles of the Sengoku period.
The stones are believed to have been sourced locally, and rocks unique to Tsushima were used. The height of the stone walls varies depending on the location, but some sections reach over 3 meters. Despite being a hastily constructed castle, the use of solid stone-laying techniques is evidence of the organized castle-building capabilities of the Toyotomi regime.
Current State of the Remains
Unfortunately, the current Gekigatayama Castle site is not adequately maintained. The access routes are unclear in some areas, so caution is advised when visiting. However, the main enclosures and stone walls can be identified, allowing visitors to imagine the scale of the castle in its heyday.
Although much of the site is covered in vegetation, this actually enhances the atmosphere of a mountain castle, making it an attractive destination for history enthusiasts.
Highlights and Charms of Gekikatayama Castle
View from the Main Enclosure
One of the greatest highlights of Gekikatayama Castle is the view from the main enclosure. From the mountaintop, you can see a panoramic view of Oura Bay, allowing you to imagine the scene of the warships of Konishi Yukinaga and others gathering there in the past. On clear days, the beautiful scenery of the Tsushima Strait unfolds, making it a spectacular viewpoint where historical significance and natural beauty merge.
Remains of the Stone Walls
The stone walls remaining around the main enclosure are the most important remains of Gekikatayama Castle. The fact that these walls have remained intact for over 400 years speaks to the high level of castle-building technology of the time. The stone walls remaining on the east side of the main enclosure are particularly well-preserved and ideal for observing the characteristics of the “nozurazumi” (rough-stone masonry) construction.
Layout of Enclosures and Defensive Structure
The structure, with multiple enclosures arranged in stages, is crucial for understanding the defensive philosophy of mountain castles. The concept of multi-layered defense is implemented, allowing for defense in subsequent enclosures even if the enemy breaches one. Visitors can experience the strategies of Sengoku-era warlords as they explore each enclosure.
Relationship with Oura Bay
The positional relationship between Gekikatayama Castle and Oura Bay is key to understanding the castle’s strategic significance. The castle’s location overlooking the bay clearly demonstrates its purpose: monitoring ship movements and defending the harbor.
Access and Visiting Information
Access to Tsushima City
Tsushima City, Nagasaki Prefecture, can be accessed by plane or ferry.
By Plane:
- Approximately 35 minutes from Nagasaki Airport to Tsushima Airport
- Approximately 35 minutes from Fukuoka Airport to Tsushima Airport
By Ferry:
- Approximately 4 hours 30 minutes to 5 hours 30 minutes from Fukuoka (Hakata Port) to Tsushima (Izuhara Port or Hitakatsu Port)
- Approximately 4 hours 30 minutes from Nagasaki Port to Tsushima (Izuhara Port)
Access to Gekikatayama Castle
Gekikatayama Castle is located around Oura Bay in Tsushima City.
- Approximately 40 minutes by car from Tsushima Airport
- Approximately 30 minutes by car from Izuhara Port
- You will need to hike up a mountain path from the nearest village (approximately 30-40 minutes)
Notes:
- Many parts of the climbing path are not well maintained, so appropriate equipment such as trekking shoes is necessary.
- There are few signs, so it is recommended to prepare a map or GPS device in advance.
- In summer, the vegetation is dense, so wearing long sleeves and long pants is recommended.
- Avoid climbing alone; visiting in a group is safer.
Estimated Visiting Time
- From ascent to descent: Approximately 1 hour 30 minutes to 2 hours
- Including detailed observation of the remains: Approximately 2 hours 30 minutes to 3 hours
Related Historical Sites in the Surrounding Area
Shimizu-yama Castle (Kesshi-yama Castle)
This castle was built by Mori Takamasa at the same time as Gekikata-yama Castle. Located on the opposite side of Oura Bay, it functioned as a supply base, complementing Gekikata-yama Castle. Shimizu-yama Castle is larger in scale and better preserved than Gekikata-yama Castle. Visiting both castles provides a comprehensive understanding of Tsushima’s defense system during the Bunroku-Keicho War.
Kaneda Castle
A representative ancient mountain castle of Tsushima, this Korean-style mountain castle was built in 667 (the 6th year of Emperor Tenji’s reign). While approximately 900 years older than Gekikata-yama Castle, it is an important historical site demonstrating Tsushima’s historical role as a frontline defense. Designated a National Special Historic Site, its stone walls and gate remains are well-preserved.
Kaneshi Castle
This castle served as the residence of the So clan, the lords of Tsushima, throughout the Edo period. Located in the town of Izuhara, its turret gate and stone walls have been restored. While Gekikata-yama Castle served as a temporary base during wartime, Kaneshi Castle functioned as the center of Tsushima’s governance.
Sanbara Castle
A medieval mountain castle and one of the So clan’s strongholds. This is an important historical site for understanding the castle culture of Tsushima before the construction of Gekikatayama Castle.
Tsushima’s History and Cultural Background
Tsushima as a Border Island
Tsushima is located midway between mainland Japan and the Korean Peninsula, and has served as a bridge for exchange between the two regions since ancient times. This geographical characteristic has given Tsushima a unique culture and historical role.
The Bunroku-Keicho War was a major turning point for Tsushima. Tsushima, which had prospered through friendly trade with Korea, suddenly became the front line of war. Gekikatayama Castle can be said to be a relic that symbolizes this turbulent era.
The So Clan and the Rule of Tsushima
From the Kamakura period to the Edo period, Tsushima was ruled by the So clan. So Yoshitomo served in Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s invasion of Korea, and after the war, he worked hard to restore diplomatic relations with Korea, contributing to the realization of the Korean diplomatic missions during the Edo period.
While Gekigatayama Castle was not the residence of the So clan, it served as a military base for the Toyotomi regime built within the So clan’s territory, reflecting the complex political situation of Tsushima.
Modern Tsushima and Historical Heritage
Modern Tsushima City is working to promote tourism by leveraging its rich natural environment and historical heritage. Historical sites related to the Bunroku-Keicho War, including Gekigatayama Castle, are being re-evaluated as important resources that demonstrate Tsushima’s multifaceted history.
Nagasaki Prefecture also recognizes Tsushima’s historical value and is working towards the preservation and utilization of historical sites.
Guidelines for Visiting Gekigatayama Castle
Understanding Historical Value
When visiting Gekigatayama Castle, it is important to understand it not merely as a tourist attraction, but as a historical site that marks a significant turning point in Japanese history. This castle conveys the ambitions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, relations with the Korean Peninsula, and the difficult circumstances faced by the people of Tsushima.
Considerations for Historical Site Protection
The remains of Gekigatayama Castle are valuable cultural assets. Please note the following points when visiting:
- Do not climb on or intentionally touch the stone walls.
- Please take all your trash with you.
- Do not harm plants or animals.
- You are free to take photographs of the ruins, but vandalism is strictly prohibited.
For a Safe Ascent
Exploring mountain castles involves certain risks:
- Prepare equipment for sudden weather changes.
- Stay well-hydrated.
- Be careful of slippery areas and places prone to collapse.
- Check your cell phone signal strength beforehand.
- If possible, use a local guide.
Research and Future Challenges of Gekikatayama Castle
Current Status of Academic Research
While basic research such as the “Nagasaki Prefecture Medieval and Early Modern Castle Site Distribution Survey Report” has been conducted regarding Gekikatayama Castle, detailed excavation surveys have not been sufficiently carried out. Further archaeological research may reveal more details about the construction techniques, period of use, and circumstances of its abandonment.
Challenges in Preservation and Utilization
Currently, Gekigatayama Castle is not well-maintained, making it difficult for general tourists to visit easily. The following initiatives are expected in the future:
- Improvement of the approach to the castle and installation of guide signs
- Provision of historical information through the installation of explanatory panels
- Regular mowing and tree management
- Implementation of guided tours
- Restoration of the castle as it once was using digital technology
Value as a Group of Historic Sites from the Bunroku-Keicho War
Gekigatayama Castle, along with Shimizuyama Castle, forms an important group of historical sites that demonstrate Tsushima’s role in the Bunroku-Keicho War. Preserving and utilizing these castles as a whole will allow for a more comprehensive understanding of the history of this period.
Nagasaki Prefecture has several historical sites related to the Bunroku-Keicho War, such as Nagoya Castle Ruins (although located in Saga Prefecture, it is considered a related historical site). Networking these sites could create a wide-area historical tourism route.
Summary
Gekikatayama Castle is a valuable mountain castle from the late Sengoku period remaining in Tsushima City, Nagasaki Prefecture. It played a crucial role as a supply base during Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s invasion of Korea, a significant event in Japanese history.
While the castle is not currently well-maintained and requires caution when visiting, the remaining stone walls and baileys convey the castle’s construction techniques and strategic thinking of the time. Its location overlooking Oura Bay clearly demonstrates the castle’s military function, offering a moving experience of standing on a historical site.
On Tsushima, a border island, Gekikatayama Castle quietly stands as a witness to an era when the histories of Japan and the Korean Peninsula intersected. For those interested in history or those who enjoy exploring mountain castles, this castle is a historical site well worth visiting.
When you visit Tsushima, be sure to stop by Gekikatayama Castle and reflect on the history of over 400 years ago.
