Complete Guide to Zakimi Castle Ruins | A Thorough Explanation of the Charm, History, and Highlights of this World Heritage Site
Located in Yomitan Village in central Okinawa Island, Zakimi Castle Ruins is a historical site registered as a World Heritage Site in 2000 as part of the “Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu.” Built in the early 15th century by Gosamaru, a renowned castle builder, this castle is highly regarded among Okinawa’s gusuku (castles) for its exquisite stonework and beautiful curves.
This article comprehensively explains everything you need to know before visiting Zakimi Castle Ruins, from its historical background and architectural features to its highlights and access methods.
What is Zakimi Castle Ruins? | A Military Fortress of the Ryukyu Kingdom Era
Zakimi Castle Ruins are the remains of a gusuku (castle) built on a hill approximately 120 meters above sea level, located in Zakimi, Yomitan Village, Nakagami District, Okinawa Prefecture. Also known as “Zakimi Gusuku” or “Zakimi Castle,” it is believed to have been completed around 1420, in the early 15th century, after the unification of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Value as a World Heritage Site
In December 2000, Zakimi Castle Ruins, along with Shuri Castle Ruins, Nakijin Castle Ruins, Katsuren Castle Ruins, and Nakagusuku Castle Ruins, were registered as a World Cultural Heritage site as part of the “Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Ryukyu Kingdom.” Furthermore, in 2017, it was selected as one of the “Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles,” receiving high praise both domestically and internationally.
Designated as an Important Cultural Property by the Ryukyu Government in 1956, and designated a National Historic Site upon Okinawa’s return to Japan in 1972, it has been protected as a representative historical building of Okinawa.
Location and Geographical Characteristics of Zakimi Castle
Zakimi Castle is located on a hill over 120 meters above sea level, almost in the center of Yomitan Village. From this elevated position, almost the entire area of Yomitan Village can be seen, making it an ideal location for military surveillance. To the west lies the East China Sea, and on clear days, the Kerama Islands can be seen. To the north is Nagahama Port, which played an important role as a trading hub.
The History of Gosamaru and Zakimi Castle
The Life of Gosamaru, Master Castle Builder
Gosamaru, who built Zakimi Castle, was a renowned general who played an active role during the unification of the Ryukyu Kingdom and is famous as the foremost castle builder in Okinawan history. He was active during the turbulent “Three Kingdoms period” and greatly contributed to the stability of the country after the unification of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Gosamaru served as the Yomitanzan Aji (local lord) and participated in King Sho Hashi’s campaign against Hokuzan. After capturing Hokuzan Castle (Nakijin Castle), he temporarily handled post-war affairs at Nakijin Castle, but later returned to Yomitan and built Zakimi Castle.
Purpose and Background of Zakimi Castle Construction
The 1420s, when Zakimi Castle was built, was a time when the Ryukyu Kingdom had just been unified. The primary purpose of Zakimi Castle was to monitor forces opposing the king and to ensure stability in the north.
Gosamaru used Zakimi Castle as his base to secure a vast area around Yomitan Mountain and gain control of the trade profits at Nagahama Port in the north. Zakimi Castle played a crucial role during the period when the Ryukyu Kingdom prospered through trade with Japan, China, and Southeast Asian countries.
Gosamaru’s Relocation to Nakagusuku Castle
Later, Gosamaru moved to Nakagusuku Castle, which was more strategically important. Nakagusuku Castle was close to Shuri Castle and held a crucial position for the defense of the royal government. Gosamaru also demonstrated his excellent castle-building skills at Nakagusuku Castle, expanding and strengthening the castle.
History of War Damage and Restoration
Zakimi Castle suffered catastrophic damage during the October 10th air raid of 1944 and the Battle of Okinawa, as the Japanese military had constructed anti-aircraft gun positions there during World War II. After the war, it became a rubble-strewn hillside and was used as a Nike missile communications base within the Borough Point US military base until 1974.
With the return of Okinawa to Japan, momentum for its return grew, and it was returned by the US military in 1974. Since then, investigations and restoration work have progressed, and it has been reborn as a beautiful castle that even retired soldiers stationed at the communications base marveled at.
Architectural Features and Highlights of Zakimi Castle Ruins
Castle Structure Composed of Two Enclosures
Zakimi Castle is a relatively small castle composed of two enclosures (kuruwa). The structure consists of two interconnected enclosures, designed specifically for its function as a military fortress.
Although not large in scale, its defensive functions were concentrated, making it an efficient military facility. The compact yet carefully calculated layout speaks volumes about Gosamaru’s strategic thinking.
Top-Tier Castle Construction Techniques | Exquisite Stonework
The most striking feature of Zakimi Castle is its exquisite and beautiful stonework. The precision and beauty of the stonework on the castle walls and gates are said to be unparalleled among Okinawan castles.
Aikata-zumi Technique
The stonework of Zakimi Castle utilizes an advanced technique called “aikata-zumi.” This method, which increases strength by interlocking stones, demonstrates Gosamaru’s exceptional technical skill. The castle walls, skillfully combining natural stones to create beautiful curves, possess both functional beauty and artistic merit.
The Beautiful Curves of the Arch Gates
Zakimi Castle has two arched stone gates, known as the oldest arch gates in Okinawa. The arch gate in the first enclosure, in particular, features an elaborate structure using wedge stones, exhibiting a heavy yet elegant curve.
The arch gate technology developed uniquely in Ryukyu, influenced by China and Japan. Gosamaru perfected this technique and later built even more refined arch gates at Nakagusuku Castle.
Views from the Castle Walls | A Natural Observation Deck
The castle walls of Zakimi Castle are one of the few gusuku (Okinawan castles) where visitors can walk along the top. From the top of the walls, you can enjoy a 360-degree panoramic view of the entire Yomitan Village, making it a popular “natural observation deck.”
On clear days, you can see the horizon of the East China Sea, the Kerama Islands, and Cape Zanpa, and at sunset, you can enjoy a beautiful sunset. While this excellent view was important for military surveillance, it is now a popular photo spot for tourists.
Military Fortress Features
Zakimi Castle, as a military fortress, incorporates defensive features throughout.
Embrasures
The castle walls have gaps called “embrasures,” which allowed for monitoring enemy movements and launching attacks.
The Curving Castle Walls
The castle walls are not straight, but gently curve. This reduces blind spots, giving the defenders an advantage in battle.
The Placement of Gates
The placement of the arched gates is also carefully calculated, designed to prevent enemies from entering in a straight line.
Use as a Natural Theater
Currently, the Zakimi Castle Ruins are used as a “natural theater,” serving as a venue for various cultural events and performing arts performances. With the castle walls’ imposing and beautiful curves as a backdrop, Ryukyu dance and music events are held, creating a space where historical buildings merge with modern cultural activities.
Zakimi Castle Ruins Yuntanza Museum
Museum Overview
At the foot of the Zakimi Castle Ruins, the “Zakimi Castle Ruins Yuntanza Museum” opened in 2018. As a museum comprehensively introducing the history and culture of Yomitan Village, it serves as a starting point for visitors to the Zakimi Castle Ruins.
Main Exhibits
Zakimi Castle Ruins Diorama Puzzle
The museum’s most popular exhibit is the three-dimensional diorama puzzle of the Zakimi Castle Ruins. This exhibit allows visitors of all ages to visually understand the castle’s structure.
Yuntanza Hana-ui (Yuntanza Hana-ui Weaving)
The museum also features a comprehensive exhibit on Yomitanza Hana-ui, a weaving technique brought about by trade during the Ryukyu Kingdom era. Visitors can learn how trade activities centered around Zakimi Castle contributed to the cultural development of the region.
Yachimun (Pottery)
Yomitan Village is also known as the “Village of Yachimun,” and the exhibit of local pottery is another highlight.
Facility Information
- Address: 708-6 Zakimi, Yomitan Village, Nakagami District, Okinawa Prefecture
- Phone: 098-958-3141
- Map Code: 33 854 277*11
- Closed Days: Every Wednesday, New Year Holidays
- Admission Fee: Free (Zakimi Castle Ruins are also free to enter)
- Parking: Available (Free)
How to Access Zakimi Castle Ruins
Access by Car
From Naha Airport
It takes approximately 60 minutes by car from Naha Airport to Zakimi Castle Ruins. Head north on National Route 58 towards Yomitan Village. If using a car navigation system or smartphone map app, entering the map code “33 854 277*11” is convenient.
Using the Okinawa Expressway
If using the Okinawa Expressway, exit at Ishikawa IC or Okinawa Minami IC and head towards Yomitan Village via local roads. The journey takes approximately 40-50 minutes.
Access by Local Bus
From Naha Bus Terminal
You can use Ryukyu Bus Kotsu or Okinawa Bus local buses from Naha Bus Terminal.
- Take bus number 28 or 29 from Naha Bus Terminal.
- Get off at the “Zakimi” bus stop (approximately 90 minutes).
- From the bus stop, it’s about a 15-minute walk to Zakimi Castle Ruins.
Since bus services are limited, it is recommended to check the timetable in advance.
Using a Taxi
You can also take a taxi from Naha City or resort areas such as Onna Village. The journey takes approximately 60 minutes from Naha City and approximately 30 minutes from Onna Village.
Rental Car Recommendation
For sightseeing in Okinawa Prefecture, renting a car is the most convenient option. The area around Zakimi Castle Ruins is dotted with other tourist attractions such as Cape Zanpa, Yachimun no Sato (Yachimun Village), and Gala Aoi Umi (Blue Sea), so renting a car is recommended for exploring the area.
Tourist Attractions Around Zakimi Castle Ruins
Yachimun no Sato (Yachimun Village)
Located about 10 minutes by car from Zakimi Castle Ruins, Yachimun no Sato is an area where workshops of “yachimun,” traditional Okinawan pottery, are concentrated. Nineteen workshops are scattered throughout the area, where you can purchase works or participate in pottery making experiences.
Cape Zanpa
Located at the westernmost tip of Yomitan Village, Cape Zanpa is a scenic spot with cliffs approximately 30 meters high stretching for about 2 kilometers. It’s about 15 minutes by car from Zakimi Castle Ruins.
Gala Aoi Umi (Blue Sea)
This is a complex facility where you can enjoy salt-making experiences and swimming. It’s a popular spot to experience the charm of the sea in Yomitan Village.
Nakagusuku Castle Ruins – World Heritage Site
Nakagusuku Castle Ruins, where Gosamaru moved after Zakimi Castle, is also registered as a World Heritage Site. Located about 30 minutes by car from Zakimi Castle Ruins, it offers a chance to compare and contrast the development of Gosamaru’s castle-building techniques.
Best Season and Time Required for Visiting Zakimi Castle Ruins
Recommended Time
While Zakimi Castle Ruins can be visited year-round, the following times are particularly recommended:
Spring (March-May)
The weather is mild, making it the perfect season for sightseeing. The fresh greenery is beautiful, and the pleasant temperatures allow for enjoyable walks along the castle walls.
Autumn (October-November)
After the typhoon season, the chances of sunny days increase. Temperatures are more moderate, making for comfortable sightseeing.
Evening
Visiting at sunset is highly recommended. The silhouette of the castle walls against the setting sun over the East China Sea creates a beautiful and photogenic scene.
Estimated Time Required
- Zakimi Castle Ruins Only: Approximately 30-45 minutes
- Including Yuntanza Museum: Approximately 90-120 minutes
- Including Surrounding Area Sightseeing: Half a day to a full day
Notes and Manners When Visiting Zakimi Castle Ruins
Clothing and Items to Bring
- Comfortable Walking Shoes: Since you will be walking on the castle walls, comfortable walking shoes such as sneakers are recommended.
- Hat and Sunscreen: There is little shade, so sun protection is necessary.
- Drinks: Especially in summer, be sure to stay hydrated to prevent heatstroke.
Visitor Manners
- Do Not Climb the Stone Walls: Climbing the stone walls other than the castle walls is prohibited.
- Take Your Trash With You: To maintain the beauty of the World Heritage site, be sure to take your trash with you.
- Do Not Enter Areas Other Than Designated Areas: Restricted areas have been established for protection.
Comparison of Zakimi Castle Ruins with Other Gusuku (Okinawan Castles)
Differences from Shuri Castle
Shuri Castle served as the political and cultural center of the Ryukyu Kingdom, functioning as a palace. Zakimi Castle, on the other hand, specialized in military fortress function, and while smaller in scale, boasted robust defensive capabilities.
Comparison with Nakijin Castle
Nakijin Castle, as the residence of the King of Hokuzan, possessed a larger fortress structure than Zakimi Castle. It was also a castle temporarily managed by Gosamaru after his conquest of Hokuzan, and it is believed that this experience was utilized in the construction of Zakimi Castle.
Differences from Katsuren Castle
Katsuren Castle was the residence of Amawari, who prospered through overseas trade, and is characterized by its location facing the sea. Zakimi Castle is located on an inland hillside, allowing for a wider area of surveillance.
Connection to Nakagusuku Castle
Nakagusuku Castle, where Gosamaru moved after Zakimi Castle, showcases a more refined version of the techniques he cultivated at Zakimi Castle. Visiting both castles allows you to experience the evolution of Gosamaru’s castle-building techniques.
Cultural Value and Preservation Activities of Zakimi Castle Ruins
Historical Witness to the Ryukyu Kingdom
Zakimi Castle Ruins are an important historical site that tells the story of the political and military situation during the unification of the Ryukyu Kingdom. It conveys the image of the 15th-century Ryukyu Kingdom, which prospered through trade with Japan, China, and Southeast Asian countries.
Inheritance of Castle-Building Techniques
Gosamaru’s castle-building techniques greatly contributed to the development of Okinawa’s architectural culture. The stonework techniques and arch gate structures seen at Zakimi Castle are considered the pinnacle of Ryukyu architecture.
Efforts for Preservation and Utilization
Yomitan Village and Okinawa Prefecture are actively working on the preservation and utilization of Zakimi Castle Ruins. Regular surveys and restoration work are carried out, maintaining its value as a World Heritage Site while also being utilized as a tourist resource.
Summary | The Charm of Zakimi Castle Ruins
Zakimi Castle Ruins is a military fortress from the Ryukyu Kingdom era, built by the master castle builder Gosamaru. It is a World Heritage Site known for its exquisite stonework and beautiful curves.
Although not large in scale, it is a special place among Okinawan castles due to its functionality as a military fortress, the perfection of its architectural techniques, and the magnificent views it offers. The view of Yomitan Village from atop the castle walls, the horizon of the East China Sea, and the beauty of the sunset deeply impress visitors.
Visiting Zakimi Castle Ruins and the Yuntanza Museum will allow you to gain a deeper understanding of its historical background and cultural value. When visiting Okinawa Island, be sure to visit Zakimi Castle Ruins and experience Gosamaru’s exceptional skills and the history of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Zakimi Castle Ruins in Yomitan Village, where rich nature and history blend seamlessly, is a must-see spot for anyone visiting Okinawa. Visiting it along with other gusuku (castles) such as Shuri Castle, Nakijin Castle, Katsuren Castle, and Nakagusuku Castle will give you a deeper understanding of the Ryukyu Kingdom as a whole.
