A Thorough Explanation of Kihara Castle’s History and Highlights | A Sengoku Period Ruin in Miho Village, Ibaraki Prefecture
Kihara Castle, located in Miho Village, Inashiki District, Ibaraki Prefecture, is a Sengoku period flatland castle built on a plateau on the southern shore of Lake Kasumigaura. Also known as Kamikoshi Castle, it is known as the residence of the Kondo clan, vassals of the Edosaki Toki clan. Currently, it is maintained as “Kihara Castle Ruins Shiroyama Park,” a valuable historical site where visitors can see well-preserved remains such as earthworks and dry moats.
Overview and Characteristics of Kihara Castle
Kihara Castle is a fortress built on the southern end of a plateau facing Lake Kasumigaura, and has been affectionately known locally as “Shiroyama” (Castle Mountain). The most distinctive feature of this castle is its unique structure, which, contrary to typical castles, has a decreasing elevation as you progress from the third bailey to the second bailey and then to the main bailey (tsume-kuruma).
The northern side featured wetlands and ponds connected to Lake Kasumigaura, forming a natural defensive line, while the southern side employed artificially constructed moats and earthworks, creating a defense system that skillfully utilized the terrain.
Castle Scale and Structure
Kihara Castle is a medieval castle composed of multiple baileys. The main baileys are as follows:
- Third Bailey (San-no-maru): The outermost bailey
- Second Bailey (Nin-no-maru): The middle bailey, a crucial defensive position
- Main Bailey (Honmaru): The central part of the castle, currently developed as a park
The Honmaru site is surrounded by high earthworks, and its scale and state of preservation are considered among the best in Ibaraki Prefecture.
History of Kihara Castle
Construction History
There are various theories regarding the construction date of Kihara Castle, but reliable records date back to the early 16th century. According to historical documents such as the “Sagara Family Documents,” it is said that in 1504 (Eisho 1), Kondo Toshikatsu, a retainer of the Tokihara clan, lords of Edosaki Castle, moved to Kamikoshi Castle after his castle in Isabe Village burned down.
In 1506 (Eisho 3), there is a record stating that “Kamikoshi Village was renamed Kihara,” suggesting that Kamikoshi Castle was Kihara Castle. Therefore, it is presumed that the name Kihara Castle was given in conjunction with the village name change.
Kondo Clan’s Rule
The Kondo clan, as powerful retainers serving the Edosaki Toki clan, were entrusted with governing this region. Kihara Castle is thought to have functioned as the Kondo clan’s residence and one of the important bases of the Toki clan’s power in the southern shore region of Lake Kasumigaura.
During the Sengoku period, Hitachi Province was a fierce battleground where forces such as the Satake clan, Oda clan, and Edosaki Toki clan vied for supremacy. Kihara Castle also became entangled in the turmoil of the Sengoku period.
The Defection and Fall of Edozaki Kanemitsu
During the late Sengoku period, Kihara Castle experienced multiple falls. Particularly famous is the defection of Edozaki Kanemitsu. It is said that Kihara Castle was attacked and fell after Edozaki Kanemitsu defected to the Satake clan.
During this period, the Satake clan was expanding its power in Hitachi Province, forcing surrounding smaller forces to choose between submission to the Satake or resistance. The Edozaki Toki clan’s sphere of influence was no exception, and it is believed that internal divisions and defections occurred frequently.
The Siege of Odawara and the Final Fall
In 1590 (Tensho 18), Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched the Siege of Odawara. At this time, castles in the Kanto region were forced to choose between siding with the Hojo clan or submitting to the Toyotomi. Records indicate that Kihara Castle also fell during this conflict.
After the Siege of Odawara, Hitachi Province came under the control of the Satake clan, and the power of the Edosaki Toki clan declined. It is believed that Kihara Castle was abandoned around this time.
Realities Revealed by Archaeological Excavations
Interestingly, academic research conducted at the site of the main keep from July 1993 (Heisei 5) has not found any evidence of large-scale battles. Despite multiple records of the castle’s fall, the lack of archaeological evidence of fierce fighting suggests that the “fall” of the castle at that time did not necessarily mean complete destruction by force.
It is possible that peaceful surrender or opening of the castle took place.
Structure and Remains of Kihara Castle
Arrangement of Enclosures
The arrangement of enclosures at Kihara Castle cleverly utilizes the terrain. The enclosures are arranged from the higher elevation south side to the lower elevation north side, creating a seemingly paradoxical structure where the most important main keep is located at the lowest elevation.
This design is thought to have been based on the assumption that attacks would inevitably come from the south, given that Lake Kasumigaura and the surrounding wetlands to the north functioned as a natural defensive line. It is presumed that the enemy would attack from higher ground to lower ground, and the defenders anticipated a final defense at the water’s edge.
Features of the Earthworks
The earthworks of Kihara Castle are remarkably well-preserved and are one of its highlights. The earthworks surrounding the main keep are tall, and their scale suggests the castle’s high defensive capabilities.
The construction techniques of the earthworks are also noteworthy. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that the earthworks were carefully constructed using the rammed earth technique. This technique, which involves compacting soil in layers, increases the strength of the earthworks and prevents collapse.
Dry and Water Moats
Multiple moats have been identified as defensive structures of the castle. In particular, a deep moat was constructed between the second enclosure and the inner enclosure, and its scale can still be appreciated today.
Deep moats remain near the park entrance, allowing visitors to immediately experience the defensive structures of the Sengoku period. These moats were not merely obstacles, but crucial structures that restricted enemy movement and created a space where the defenders could fight advantageously.
Watchtower Base and Inari Shrine
On the rear side, or the back of the castle, the remains of a watchtower base are still present. Currently, an Inari shrine is enshrined on this site, creating an interesting space where historical remains and religious beliefs coexist.
Watchtower bases were important facilities for observation and attack, and it is believed that they offered a wide view of the surrounding area.
Mock Gate
A mock gate is currently installed at the park entrance, inviting visitors into the world of the castle. While not a historical reconstruction, it enhances the atmosphere of the castle ruins park.
Multilayered History Revealed by Archaeological Excavations
Castle-Related Remains
Academic research conducted since 1993 has uncovered numerous remains related to castles from the Sengoku period. Earthworks, ditch remains, pit dwellings, and earthen pits have been confirmed, revealing the castle’s structure and the lifestyle of its inhabitants.
Excavated artifacts include Haji pottery, Seto-Mino style pottery, and metal objects, indicating a high standard of living within the castle. The discovery of Seto-Mino style pottery, in particular, suggests trade relations with distant regions.
Ancient Village Site
Interestingly, the remains of an ancient village have also been detected beneath the castle ruins. Artifacts and structures from the Jomon, Yayoi, and Kofun periods have been confirmed, indicating that this area has been inhabited since ancient times.
Jomon pottery bowls, Haji pottery, and Yayoi pottery fragments have been unearthed, confirming the characteristics of pottery from each period. Analysis of decoration and molding techniques allows us to trace the cultural lineage of this region.
Discovery of a Moated Settlement
Of particular note is the discovery of a moat, known as a ring moat, surrounding an ancient village. Moated settlements are a defensive settlement type seen from the Yayoi period to the Kofun period, indicating that this area was strategically important long before Kihara Castle was built.
This discovery reveals that the Kihara Castle site is not merely the ruins of a medieval castle, but a valuable archaeological site with layers upon layers of traces of human activity spanning thousands of years.
Current Status as Kihara Castle Site Shiroyama Park
Park Development
Currently, the site of the main keep of Kihara Castle has been developed as “Kihara Castle Site Shiroyama Park,” serving as a place of relaxation for the residents of Miho Village. The park features approximately 1 km of walking trails, making it enjoyable for families.
In developing the park, both the preservation of historical remains and accessibility for citizens were considered. Important remains such as earthworks and moats are preserved in good condition, while safety measures have been taken to ensure visitors can safely enjoy the scenery.
Cherry Blossom and Flower Spot
Kihara Castle Ruins Shiroyama Park is also known as a famous cherry blossom viewing spot. The Shiroyama Festival is held in spring, attracting many visitors. Not only Somei Yoshino cherry trees, but also double-flowered cherry trees are planted, allowing visitors to enjoy the blossoms for an extended period.
In addition, tulips and other flowers are planted, adorning the park with a variety of colorful blossoms in spring. The flowers blooming against the backdrop of the historical earthworks and moats create a unique atmosphere.
View from the Observation Deck
An observation deck is located within the park, offering panoramic views of Lake Kasumigaura and the surrounding rural landscape. Perhaps the castle lord and soldiers gazed upon the same view from this very spot during the Sengoku period.
On a clear day, you can see far into the distance, truly appreciating how Kihara Castle was built in such a scenic location.
Location relative to Kihara Elementary School
Kihara Castle Ruins Park is located behind Kihara Elementary School, making it a familiar place for local children to learn about history. The castle ruins play an important role as teaching material for elementary school students to learn about local history.
Highlights of Kihara Castle
1. High earthen ramparts surrounding the main keep
When visiting Kihara Castle, first pay attention to the high earthen ramparts surrounding the main keep. Their scale and state of preservation are among the best of medieval castles in Ibaraki Prefecture. Walking along the ramparts allows you to experience the defensive structures of the Sengoku period.
2. Deep moat between the second and final baileys
The deep moat remaining between the second and final baileys is an important relic demonstrating the castle’s high defensive capabilities. The depth and width of the moat reveal the ingenuity used to prevent enemy incursions.
3. Moat and Mock Gate at the Park Entrance
The moat and mock gate near the park entrance serve as an introduction, drawing visitors into the world of the castle. Stepping inside from here gives you the feeling of having traveled back in time to the Sengoku period.
4. Remains of the Watchtower Base on the Rear Gate Side (Inari Shrine)
The Inari Shrine, enshrined on the remains of the watchtower base on the rear gate side, is a unique space where history and faith merge. You can feel the historical transformation of this military facility, the watchtower base, into a place of worship in later generations.
5. Cherry Blossoms and Flowers in Spring
If you visit in spring, you can enjoy the collaboration of cherry blossoms, double-flowered cherry blossoms, tulips, and other flowers with the historical remains. It’s especially lively during the Shiroyama Festival.
6. View of Lake Kasumigaura from the Observation Deck
From the observation deck, you can enjoy a panoramic view of Lake Kasumigaura and the surrounding scenery, truly appreciating the castle’s excellent location. This is a valuable place where you can experience the perspective of a castle lord during the Sengoku period.
Access and Visit Information
Location
Kihara, Miho Village, Inashiki District, Ibaraki Prefecture
Transportation Access
By Public Transportation:
- Approximately 30 minutes by car from JR Joban Line “Tsuchiura Station”
- If using Kanto Railway buses, a short walk from the nearest bus stop is required.
By Car:
- Approximately 20 minutes from Joban Expressway “Sakura Tsuchiura IC”
- Approximately 15 minutes from Ken-O Expressway “Inashiki IC”
- Parking available (free)
Opening Hours and Admission Fee
- Opening Hours: Always open
- Admission Fee: Free
- Estimated Visit Time: 30 minutes to 1 hour
Notes for Visitors
- The park is well-maintained, but there are uneven terrain such as earthworks and moats, so comfortable walking shoes are recommended.
- Don’t forget insect repellent during the summer.
- The park may be crowded during the spring cherry blossom season.
- Toilets are located within the park.
Nearby Tourist Attractions
Lake Kasumigaura
Lake Kasumigaura, located just north of Kihara Castle, is Japan’s second-largest lake. Visitors can enjoy cycling along the lakeside and the scenic waterfront.
Edosaki Castle Ruins
The ruins of Edosaki Castle, the base of the Toki clan (the lords of Kihara Castle), are also nearby. Visiting both Kihara Castle and Edosaki Castle will provide a deeper understanding of the power dynamics in this region during the Sengoku period.
Rikuhira Shell Mound
Located in Miho Village, the Rikuhira Shell Mound is an important Jomon period archaeological site designated as a national historic site. It is related to Jomon period artifacts unearthed during the excavation of Kihara Castle ruins, making it recommended for those interested in the ancient history of this region.
The Significance of Visiting Kihara Castle
Kihara Castle ruins are not merely the remains of a Sengoku period castle. It is an extremely valuable historical heritage site, with layers upon layers of traces of human activity spanning thousands of years, from the Jomon period to the present day.
The well-preserved remains, such as earthworks and moats, serve as important teaching materials for understanding the structure of medieval castles. Furthermore, its development as a park cherished by local residents offers one solution to the modern challenge of balancing the preservation and utilization of historical heritage.
When visiting Ibaraki Prefecture, be sure to visit Kihara Castle Ruins Shiroyama Park and experience the atmosphere of this Sengoku period castle built on a plateau overlooking Lake Kasumigaura. While the cherry blossom season in spring is particularly recommended, you can enjoy its seasonal beauty in the fresh greenery and autumn foliage seasons as well.
Summary
Kihara Castle is a Sengoku period hilltop castle located in Miho Village, Ibaraki Prefecture, known as the residence of the Kondo clan, vassals of the Edosaki Toki clan. Built in the early 16th century, it survived multiple falls during the turmoil of the Sengoku period until the Siege of Odawara in 1590.
The castle’s most distinctive feature is its unique structure, where the baileys are arranged from higher to lower elevations. This design made maximum use of Lake Kasumigaura, a natural defensive line.
Currently, the site has been developed into a castle ruins park, where visitors can see well-preserved remains such as earthworks and moats. Furthermore, archaeological excavations have uncovered not only castle remains but also settlement sites dating from the Jomon to Kofun periods, increasing its value as a site with a multi-layered history.
In spring, it becomes a popular spot for cherry blossoms, attracting many visitors. It can be said to be an ideal historical park, successfully balancing the preservation of historical heritage with its use as a place of recreation for the local community.
