Complete Guide to Kamiakasaka Castle: A Thorough Explanation of the History, Remains, and Access to Kusunoki Masashige’s Main Castle
What is Kamiakasaka Castle?
Kamiakasaka Castle is a Japanese castle ruin located in Kamiakasaka, Chihayaakasaka Village, Minamikawachi District, Osaka Prefecture. Also known as Kusunoki Castle, Koneda Castle, and Kiriyama Castle, it is known as one of the seven castles built by Kusunoki Masashige, a samurai who was active from the late Kamakura period to the Nanboku-cho period.
Built on a ridge at an altitude of 349.5 meters (relative height approximately 150 meters) at the tip of a ridge extending northwest from Mount Kongo, it is a medieval mountain castle measuring approximately 300 meters north-south and 300 meters east-west. It is a natural stronghold surrounded on three sides by deep valleys, and its strategic location, utilizing the terrain where only the southern side leads to Mount Kongo via the mountain, is a key feature. In 1934 (Showa 9), the site was designated a national historic site as “Kusunoki Castle Ruins (Kamiakasaka Castle Ruins),” and it remains preserved today as an important historical site for understanding Japanese history.
History of Kamiakasaka Castle
Kusunoki Masashige and the Movement to Overthrow the Kamakura Shogunate
The history of Kamiakasaka Castle is deeply intertwined with the turbulent period at the end of the Kamakura era. Kusunoki Masashige (c. 1294–1336) was the head of the Kusunoki clan, a powerful local family in Kawachi Province (present-day southeastern Osaka Prefecture). Masashige played a key role as a general on the side of Emperor Go-Daigo in the Genkō War, a movement to overthrow the Kamakura Shogunate led by Emperor Go-Daigo.
From Shimo-Akasaka Castle to Kami-Akasaka Castle
In 1331 (Genkō 1), Kusunoki Masashige first raised an army at Shimo-Akasaka Castle, but it fell in just a few days after being attacked by a large army of the Kamakura Shogunate. Masashige went into hiding for a time, but in 1332 (Genkō 2), he built Kami-Akasaka Castle, a more formidable mountain castle, in order to challenge the Kamakura Shogunate army again.
Kami-Akasaka Castle functioned as the main castle of the Kusunoki clan, and Masashige used it as a base to prepare for a long war against the Shogunate army. He appointed Hirano Shōgen Nyūdō as the commander-in-chief and Kusunoki Masasue (Masashige’s younger brother) as the deputy commander, establishing a strong defensive system.
The Battle of Kami-Akasaka Castle
From 1332 (Genkō 2) to 1333 (Genkō 3), Kami-Akasaka Castle was subjected to fierce attacks by the Kamakura Shogunate army. According to the *Taiheiki*, the castle withstood a 10-day siege, with Kusunoki’s army employing various strategies to trouble the shogunate forces.
Masashige employed a series of ingenious tactics, taking advantage of the terrain, and continued to resist the large shogunate army with a small force. However, the *Taiheiki* states that the castle ultimately fell when its water supply was cut off (although it is uncertain whether this account is historically accurate).
Coordination with Chihaya Castle and the Fall of the Shogunate
In parallel with the Battle of Kami-Akasaka Castle, Masashige also waged a siege at Chihaya Castle further south. While Kami-Akasaka Castle fell, Chihaya Castle was defended to the end. These battles at the two castles resulted in heavy casualties for the shogunate army, increasing war weariness.
This battle significantly lowered the morale of the shogunate army, prompting uprisings of anti-shogunate forces in various regions, ultimately contributing to the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate. Kami-Akasaka Castle played a crucial role as one of the main stages of the Genkō War, a turning point in Japanese history.
After the Nanboku-chō Period
After the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate and the subsequent Kenmu Restoration, the Nanboku-chō period began. Kusunoki Masashige played a central role as a general on the Southern Court’s side. In 1336 (Engen 1/Kenmu 3), Masashige fought against Ashikaga Takauji’s army at the Battle of Minatogawa and was killed in action.
While there are few detailed records of how Kami-Akasaka Castle was used afterward, it is believed to have played a certain role as part of the Kusunoki clan’s sphere of influence throughout the Nanboku-chō period. After the Sengoku period, the castle was abandoned, and its remains have survived to this day.
Structure and Remains of Kami-Akasaka Castle
Castle Layout and Topographical Utilization
Kami-Akasaka Castle is a typical medieval mountain castle that skillfully utilizes the natural, rugged terrain. Built on a ridge of the Kongō Mountain Range, it is a natural stronghold surrounded on three sides by deep valleys. Only the southern side is connected to the mountains, and defensive structures were concentrated in this direction to prepare for attacks from this direction.
The castle grounds extend approximately 300 meters north-south and 300 meters east-west, making it a relatively large castle for a medieval mountain castle. Multiple baileys (kuruwa) were arranged along the ridge, and horizontal moats following the contour lines formed defensive lines.
Tatami-shiki (Honmaru)
At the center of the castle lies a large bailey called “Tatami-shiki“. This is the main bailey of Kami-Akasaka Castle, and it is believed to have been the residence of the castle lord and key samurai. Currently, a stone monument stands at the site of the main bailey, allowing visitors to confirm that it is a castle site.
From Tatami-shiki, there is a superb location overlooking the Osaka Plain, making it an ideal position for monitoring enemy movements. On a clear day, one can see as far as Osaka Bay, highlighting its strategic importance.
Moats and Enclosures
The main remaining structures are moats dug along the contour lines and multiple enclosures. The moats were defensive structures designed to prevent enemy intrusion, positioned to cut across the ridgeline. This demonstrates techniques unique to medieval mountain castles, revealing ingenuity in achieving effective defense with limited personnel and resources.
The enclosures were arranged in a stepped pattern, each designed to function as an independent defensive base. The difference in elevation between the enclosures allowed for support from higher enclosures to lower ones.
Preservation Status of the Remains
Unfortunately, no buildings remain at Kami-Akasaka Castle that suggest its original state, nor are any significant structures such as stone walls. Over nearly 700 years, many remains have been lost or buried by nature. However, careful observation of the topography reveals traces of moats and enclosures, making it a valuable site for learning about the structure of medieval mountain castles.
Since its designation as a National Historic Site, preservation and research of the remains have been progressing, and it is hoped that new insights will be gained through archaeological excavations.
Highlights of Kami-Akasaka Castle
The Stone Monument and View from the Main Enclosure
The biggest highlight when visiting Kami-Akasaka Castle is the stone monument erected on the site of the main enclosure (tatami-matted area) and the view from there. The monument is inscribed with “Kusunoki Castle Ruins,” indicating that this site is a National Historic Site.
From the main enclosure, you can enjoy a panoramic view of the Osaka Plain, and on a clear day, you can even see as far as Osaka city and Osaka Bay. You can imagine Kusunoki Masashige looking down on the plain from this spot, monitoring the movements of the shogunate army. The view at sunset is particularly beautiful and leaves a lasting impression on visitors.
Topography and Defensive Structures of a Medieval Mountain Castle
Walking through the castle ruins, you can experience firsthand the unique use of terrain and defensive structures characteristic of a medieval mountain castle. You can learn about castle-building techniques that made maximum use of the natural terrain, such as steep slopes, deep valleys, and trenches cutting across ridgelines.
In particular, the terrain surrounded by valleys on three sides is important for understanding Kusunoki Masashige’s strategy of defending against a large army with a small force. It was an extremely difficult terrain for the attacking side, and you will understand why Masashige chose this location.
Reflecting on Kusunoki Masashige’s Strategy
Kamiakasaka Castle is an important historical site that demonstrates Kusunoki Masashige’s excellent strategic vision and castle-building techniques. The numerous ingenious tactics and defensive strategies that utilized the terrain, as depicted in the *Taiheiki*, are considered noteworthy in Japanese military history.
Walking through the castle ruins and imagining how Masashige utilized this terrain to fight against a large army will be a great pleasure for history enthusiasts.
Connections to the Seven Castles of Kusunoki Masashige
Kamiakasaka Castle is one of the seven castles of Kusunoki Masashige, and related castle ruins such as Shimoakasaka Castle and Chihaya Castle are scattered around the area. Visiting these castles together will allow you to understand the overall picture of Kusunoki Masashige’s defense network.
In particular, Chihaya Castle is located relatively close to Kamiakasaka Castle, and you can get a real sense of how the two castles cooperated in fighting against the shogunate forces. If you have time, we recommend a historical exploration visiting multiple castle ruins.
Access and Visiting Guide
Location
Address: Kamiakasaka, Chihayaakasaka Village, Minamikawachi District, Osaka Prefecture
Kamiakasaka Castle ruins are located in the mountainous area of Chihayaakasaka Village and are one of the relatively easily accessible mountain castles in Osaka Prefecture.
Access by Public Transportation
By Train and Bus:
- Get off at Tondabayashi Station on the Kintetsu Nagano Line.
- From the station, take the Kongo Bus bound for “Chihaya Ropeway” or “Kongosan Ropeway.”
- Get off at the “Chihaya Akasaka Village Office” bus stop (approximately 30 minutes).
- From the bus stop, it’s about a 40-50 minute walk to the castle ruins.
Since you will need to climb a mountain path, comfortable shoes and clothing are essential. Preparations similar to those for mountain climbing are recommended.
Access by Car
By Car:
- Approximately 30 minutes from the Habikino Interchange on the Hanshin Expressway/Minami-Hanna Road.
- Approximately 40 minutes from the Fujiidera Interchange on the Nishi-Meihan Expressway.
Parking is available around the Chihaya Akasaka Village Office and in public parking lots near the Chihaya Castle ruins. However, there is no parking directly next to the castle ruins, so you will need to park at the foot of the mountain and walk up.
Important Points When Visiting the Castle
- Estimated Time: Approximately 40-50 minutes one way from the foot of the mountain to the castle ruins.
- Difficulty: Intermediate (Requires some physical fitness as it involves climbing a mountain path)
- Attire: Hiking boots or comfortable athletic shoes, and comfortable clothing.
- Items to Bring: Drinking water, towel, map, mobile phone (for emergencies)
- Season: Spring and autumn are recommended. Summer requires heat protection, and winter requires warm clothing.
- Time: Visiting during daylight hours is recommended (plan to descend before sunset).
As it is a mountain castle, avoid visiting in bad weather, and visiting with multiple people is safer than going alone.
Visiting Hours and Fees
- Visiting Hours: No restrictions (however, daylight hours are recommended)
- Admission Fee: Free
- Closed Days: None (however, please refrain from visiting if the weather is dangerous)
Map
Kamiakasaka Castle Ruins are located in the mountainous area of Chihayaakasaka Village, Minamikawachi District, Osaka Prefecture, on the northwestern ridge of the Kongo Mountain Range. The nearest landmark is the Chihayaakasaka Village Office; the castle ruins are located in the mountains southeast of there.
You can check the approximate location by searching for “Kamiakasaka Castle Ruins” or “Kusunoki Castle Ruins” on online map services such as Google Maps. However, since the hiking trails can be complex, it is recommended to check the route in advance using a detailed map or guidebook.
It is also located close to Chihaya Castle Ruins and the Kongo Mountain hiking trails, so it is possible to plan a combined visit to these locations.
Chihayaakasaka Village Local History Museum
When visiting Kamiakasaka Castle, we recommend stopping by the Chihayaakasaka Village Local History Museum. This museum showcases the history and culture of Chihayaakasaka Village and features extensive exhibits on Kusunoki Masashige and the Seven Kusunoki Castles.
Museum Exhibits
- Materials on the life and achievements of Kusunoki Masashige
- Explanation of the Genkō War and the Battle of Kamiakasaka Castle
- Explanation of the relative locations and defense network of the Seven Kusunoki Castles
- Historical materials such as excavated artifacts and ancient documents
- Folk materials of Chihayaakasaka Village
Gaining background knowledge at the museum before visiting the castle ruins will deepen your understanding at the site. Furthermore, visiting the museum after visiting the castle ruins will allow you to more deeply understand the meaning of the remains you have seen.
Museum Basic Information
- Location: 266 Mizuwake, Chihayaakasaka-mura, Minamikawachi-gun, Osaka Prefecture
- Opening Hours: 9:30 AM – 5:00 PM (Last entry at 4:30 PM)
- Closed: Mondays (or the following day if Monday is a public holiday), New Year holidays
- Admission Fee: 200 yen for adults, 100 yen for elementary and junior high school students (group discounts available)
- Access: Take a bus from Kintetsu Nagano Line “Tondabayashi Station” and get off at the “Mizuwake” bus stop.
The museum also sells books and goods related to Kusunoki Masashige, making them perfect souvenirs.
Nearby Tourist Attractions
Chihaya Castle Ruins
A key stronghold among the seven Kusunoki castles, alongside Kamiakasaka Castle, known as a formidable fortress that remained standing until the end of the Genkō War. Located relatively close to Kamiakasaka Castle, visiting both will allow for a deeper understanding of Kusunoki Masashige’s defense strategy.
Shimo-Akasaka Castle Ruins
This is the castle where Kusunoki Masashige first raised an army, and an important historical site that is the predecessor of Kami-Akasaka Castle. Currently, it is located within the grounds of Takemizuwake Shrine, and can be visited in conjunction with a shrine visit.
Mount Kongo
Mount Kongo, with an elevation of 1,125 meters, is a representative hiking spot in the Kansai region. Kami-Akasaka Castle is located on the northwest ridge of Mount Kongo, and can be visited in conjunction with a hike up Mount Kongo. The view from the summit is magnificent, and you can enjoy the nature of the four seasons.
Kanshinji Temple
This is an ancient temple associated with Kusunoki Masashige, and is said to be the temple where he studied in his childhood. Many valuable cultural assets are preserved here, including the National Treasure Main Hall and important cultural property Buddhist statues.
Kusunoki Masashige and the Seven Castles of Kusunoki
About Kusunoki Masashige
Kusunoki Masashige (c. 1294–1336) was a samurai who was active from the late Kamakura period to the early Nanboku-cho period. Although he was from a local lord family in Kawachi Province, he participated in Emperor Go-Daigo’s movement to overthrow the shogunate and made a significant contribution to its downfall.
Masashige’s defining characteristic was his mastery of “guerrilla tactics,” fighting against large armies with a small force. His skillful use of terrain and ingenious strategies to outmaneuver his enemies are described in detail in the *Taiheiki* (The Chronicle of Great Peace), and his methods were studied by military scholars of later generations.
After the Kenmu Restoration, when the Nanboku-cho period (Northern and Southern Courts period) began, Masashige played a central role as a general on the Southern Court’s side. However, he was defeated by Ashikaga Takauji’s army at the Battle of Minatogawa in 1336 (Engen 1st year/Kenmu 3rd year) and committed suicide along with his younger brother, Masasue. His loyalty and strategic talent were highly praised in later generations, and he was honored as “Daikusuko” (Great Kusunoki) during the Meiji era.
What are the Seven Castles of Kusunoki?
The Seven Castles of Kusunoki are a collective term for the seven castles built by Kusunoki Masashige in Kawachi Province. These castles were interconnected and formed a defensive network. While there are various theories regarding the specific composition of the seven castles, they are generally considered to include the following:
- Kami-Akasaka Castle (Main Castle)
- Chihaya Castle
- Shimo-Akasaka Castle
- Eboshigata Castle
- Ryusenji Castle
- Kintaiji Castle
- Kido Castle
These castles were scattered throughout the mountains of the Kongo mountain range, each capable of independent defense while simultaneously providing mutual support. This defensive system was the core of Masashige’s strategy for fighting a long war against a large army with a small force.
Significance of Visiting Kami-Akasaka Castle
Visiting the ruins of Kami-Akasaka Castle has significance beyond mere sightseeing. This castle was a major stage in the Genko War, a turning point in Japanese history, and is an important historical site from the transition period from the Kamakura Shogunate to the Nanboku-cho period.
Visiting the site allows you to truly understand how Kusunoki Masashige utilized the terrain and the strategies he employed to fight against large armies. Climbing the mountain path and looking down on the Osaka Plain from the site of the main keep, you can feel the presence of the warriors from 700 years ago.
Furthermore, Kamiakasaka Castle is an important historical site for studying Japanese castle history, as a typical example of a medieval mountain castle. While it lacks flashy structures like stone walls and keeps, you can learn about the skillful use of terrain in its construction and the ingenuity that maximized defensive effectiveness with limited resources.
Summary
Kamiakasaka Castle is a mountain castle built by Kusunoki Masashige as a base for his campaign to overthrow the Kamakura Shogunate, and it is a historical site that played a significant role in Japanese history. Currently preserved as a national historical site, it is a valuable place that retains the remains of a medieval mountain castle.
Although located in Chihayaakasaka Village, Minamikawachi District, Osaka Prefecture, accessible from Osaka City, it is situated deep in the mountains, so a visit requires some preparation and physical stamina. However, this only enhances the emotional impact of visiting the site, giving you a real sense of standing on the stage of history.
Visiting the site after gaining some background knowledge at the Chihaya Akasaka Village Local History Museum, and combining it with visits to nearby Chihaya Castle and Shimo Akasaka Castle, will allow you to gain a deeper understanding of Kusunoki Masashige’s strategies and the overall picture of the seven Kusunoki castles.
For history buffs, castle enthusiasts, and mountain climbing lovers alike, Kami Akasaka Castle is a fascinating spot well worth visiting. Be sure to visit this historical site and follow in the footsteps of Kusunoki Masashige.
