A Thorough Explanation of Tsu Castle’s History and Highlights | One of Japan’s Top 100 Castles, Built by Todo Takatora
Located in the heart of Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, Tsu Castle is a historical castle site now popular with citizens as “Oshiro Park” (Castle Park). Designated as one of Japan’s Top 100 Castles, this castle is known as a flatland castle, originally built by Oda Nobukane, the younger brother of Oda Nobunaga, and extensively renovated by Todo Takatora, a renowned castle builder. This article provides a detailed explanation of Tsu Castle’s history, architectural features, highlights, and current state.
Overview and Location of Tsu Castle
Tsu Castle is located in Marunouchi, Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, in the heart of Tsu city. Taking advantage of its location between the Ano River to the north and the Iwata River to the south, it utilized these rivers as natural moats. Despite being built on low-lying wetlands, it possessed an extremely robust defensive structure.
Currently, it is protected as a prefectural designated historical site, and the main keep, the western keep, and a portion of the inner moat remain. It has been beautifully maintained as a castle park and is a popular place of relaxation for citizens.
Designation as one of the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles
Tsu Castle was designated as one of the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles (No. 152) in 2017. This designation led to a renewed appreciation of Tsu Castle’s historical value, attracting attention from castle enthusiasts nationwide. Stamps can be obtained at the Takayama Shrine office and the Tsu City Tourism Association.
History of Tsu Castle – From Construction to Abandonment
Construction by Oda Nobukane (Anotsu Castle Era)
The history of Tsu Castle dates back to 1571. Oda Nobukane, the younger brother of Oda Nobunaga, began construction of “Anotsu Castle” in the Anotsu area when he was the lord of Ise Ueno Castle. In 1580 (Tensho 8), the five-story castle tower was completed, and Nobukane became a daimyo with a domain of 220,000 koku in Ise Province.
Nobukane, leveraging his position as Nobunaga’s younger brother, contributed to the expansion of the Oda family’s power in the Ise region. From its inception, Anotsu Castle was located at a key point for water transport and functioned as an important base facing Ise Bay.
Changes under the Tomita Clan
In 1585 (Tensho 13), when Oda Nobukane was transferred to Karasuyama in Shimotsuke Province, Tomita Tomonobu, a retainer of Oda Nobukatsu (Nobunaga’s second son), entered the castle with a domain of 50,000 koku. However, in the preliminary battles leading up to the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 (Keicho 5), Anotsu Castle was attacked and burned down by a large army led by Mori Hidemoto and Nagatsuka Masaie of the Western Army.
This battle, known as the “Battle of Anotsu Castle,” saw Tomita Nobutaka (son of Tomonobu), who belonged to the Eastern Army, fail to defend the castle, which was reduced to ashes. This battle resulted in the loss of the magnificent castle with its five-story keep, built by Oda Nobukane.
Major Renovation by Todo Takatora and the Establishment of the Tsu Domain
In 1608 (Keicho 13), Todo Takatora was appointed to the Tsu Domain from Imabari in Iyo Province with a stipend of 220,000 koku, establishing the Tsu Domain. Takatora was known as a master castle builder, often mentioned alongside Kato Kiyomasa. Having been deeply involved in the construction of numerous castles such as Fushimi Castle, Edo Castle, Nijo Castle, and Sasayama Castle at the request of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Takatora’s Tsu Castle was his own residence, and he poured all of his exceptional castle-building skills into its construction.
Takatora extensively renovated the burnt-down Anotsu Castle, transforming it into a modern castle. However, the main keep was not rebuilt, and a three-story turret was used as a substitute. This is said to be either a consideration for the shogunate or a decision by Takatora prioritizing practicality.
In 1611, Takatora became a daimyo with a domain of over 320,000 koku in Iga and Ise provinces, and Tsu Castle continued to function as the administrative center of the Tsu Domain until the end of the Edo period.
Development of Tsu Castle and its Castle Town in the Edo Period
The Todo clan used Tsu Castle as their residence until the Meiji Restoration, and the castle town of Tsu flourished greatly. The castle town, developed around Tsu Castle, prospered as a transportation hub where the Tokaido and Ise Kaido roads intersected, and as a center of maritime transport on Ise Bay.
The structure, with the main keep at the center and outworks surrounding it, and incorporating several rivers into the castle’s outer moat, was a well-defended design despite being located on low-lying, marshy land. The castle town featured an orderly layout of samurai residences and merchant districts, forming the foundation of the current Tsu City’s urban structure.
Tsu Castle After the Meiji Restoration
After the Meiji Restoration, Tsu Castle was abandoned, and many of its buildings were demolished. With the abolition of the feudal domains in 1871, the Tsu Domain was abolished, and the castle lost its function as a fortress. The buildings within the castle were dismantled one after another, leaving only parts of the stone walls and moats.
After the war, the castle site was developed into a park, becoming the current Tsu Castle Park. In March 2005, it was designated a Mie Prefecture Historic Site, officially recognizing its historical value.
List of Successive Castle Lords
The successive lords of Tsu Castle, listed chronologically, are as follows:
Anotsu Castle Era
- Oda Nobukane (1571-1585): 220,000 koku, younger brother of Oda Nobunaga
- Tomita Tomonobu (1585-1600): 50,000 koku, vassal of Oda Nobuo
- Tomita Nobutaka (son of Tomonobu, castle fell in the Battle of Sekigahara)
Tsu Castle Era (Todo Clan)
- Todo Takatora (1608-1630): First lord of Tsu Domain, 220,000 koku (later over 320,000 koku)
- Todo Takatsugu (1630-1669): Second lord
- Todo Takahisa (1669-1703): Third lord
- Todo Takamutsu (1703-1728): Fourth lord
- Todo Takatoshi (1728-1732): 5th Lord
- Todo Takaaki (1732-1735): 6th Lord
- Todo Takaharu (1735-1771): 7th Lord
- Todo Takayuki (1771-1794): 8th Lord
- Todo Takayoshi (1794-1806): 9th Lord
- Todo Takasada (1806-1835): 10th Lord
- Todo Takayuki (1835-1871): 11th and last Lord
The Todo clan ruled the Tsu Domain from Tsu Castle for 11 generations until the Meiji Restoration.
Architectural Features of Tsu Castle and Todo Takatora’s Castlebuilding Techniques
Takatora’s Characteristic Stone Wall Techniques
The greatest highlight of Tsu Castle is its stone walls, which embody Todo Takatora’s castlebuilding techniques. Takatora’s stone walls have unique characteristics, which can be seen at Tsu Castle.
The flat walkway below the stone wall, called inubashiri, is a characteristic structure of Takatora’s castles. This space, located below the stone wall, enhanced defensive capabilities and increased the stability of the wall. This inubashiri can be seen in Tsu Castle’s stone walls, allowing visitors to experience Takatora’s castlebuilding techniques firsthand.
The stone walls are built as high walls, designed to make enemy intrusion difficult. The stonework is meticulous, and they have withstood the elements for many years, remaining standing to this day.
A Flatland Castle Without a Keep
One of the characteristics of Tsu Castle is that it is a flatland castle without a keep. Oda Nobukane’s Anotsu Castle originally had a five-story keep, but after it was destroyed in the Battle of Sekigahara, Todo Takatora did not rebuild it.
Instead, he used a three-story turret as a substitute for the keep. Several reasons can be considered for this, including consideration for the shogunate, cost reduction, and emphasis on practicality. Takatora was a highly experienced warrior, and it’s possible he prioritized practicality over appearance.
The three-story turret currently located in the main enclosure was reconstructed in 1958 (Showa 33) as a replica of the original structure. While not a historical building, it is a beloved symbol of Tsu Castle.
Defense System Utilizing Moats and Rivers
Tsu Castle cleverly utilized its location between two rivers: the Ano River to the north and the Iwata River to the south. These rivers functioned as a natural outer moat, making it difficult to approach the castle.
Furthermore, an artificial inner moat surrounded the castle, creating a double and triple layer of defensive moats. Taking advantage of the castle’s geographical weakness—being situated in a low-lying, marshy area—they created a robust defense utilizing water.
Even today, a portion of the inner moat remains, allowing us to imagine its former scale.
Highlights of Tsu Castle and the Charm of the Castle Park
Main Enclosure Ruins and Stone Walls
The most impressive part of the current Tsu Castle ruins is the main enclosure ruins and the surrounding stone walls. These stone walls, a culmination of Todo Takatora’s castle-building techniques, remain remarkably strong even after hundreds of years.
The moss-covered stone walls evoke a sense of history, and the contrast with the cherry blossoms in spring is particularly beautiful. Careful observation of the stone walls reveals Takatora’s distinctive dog run and meticulous stonework.
A bronze statue of Lord Todo Takatora stands within the main enclosure, commemorating his contributions to the development of Tsu Castle and the Tsu Domain.
Takayama Shrine
Takayama Shrine is located within the main enclosure. This shrine, dedicated to Todo Takatora, was founded in 1879 (Meiji 12). It is named Takayama Shrine after Takatora’s posthumous Buddhist name, “Takayama-ko.”
Takayama Shrine is one of the stamp locations for the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles, making it a popular spot for castle enthusiasts. Goshuin (stamped seals) are available at the shrine office.
Japanese and Western Gardens
The Tsu Castle ruins, now developed as a castle park, feature two contrasting gardens.
The Japanese Garden boasts a delicate and traditional design, a beautiful space where ponds, stonework, and plantings harmonize. Visitors can enjoy a peaceful stroll while appreciating the beauty of traditional Japan.
On the other hand, the Western Garden features a modern design, characterized by geometric arrangements and Western-style plantings. The opportunity to enjoy two different garden styles at once is a major attraction of Tsu Castle Park.
Scenery Through the Seasons
Tsu Castle Ruins (Oshiro Park) is known as a spot where you can enjoy beautiful scenery throughout the four seasons.
In Spring, approximately 200 cherry trees bloom, creating a stunning contrast between the moss-covered stone walls and the blossoms. It’s a popular cherry blossom viewing spot for locals.
In Early Summer, hydrangeas bloom in vibrant colors, offering a unique atmosphere during the rainy season.
In Autumn, the autumn leaves color the garden, creating a beautiful landscape with their contrast against the stone walls and moat.
Winter is a season to observe the historical appearance of the stone walls and moat in a tranquil atmosphere.
Reconstructed Three-Story Turret
The three-story turret standing in the main enclosure was reconstructed in 1958 (Showa 33) as a replica of the original. While not a historical building, it is a beloved symbol of Tsu Castle and a prominent landmark visible from afar.
The turrets evoke the former glory of Tsu Castle and are a popular spot for photography.
Promenade along the moat
A well-maintained promenade surrounds the inner moat, allowing for a peaceful stroll while enjoying the view of the moat. You can spend a leisurely time admiring the reflections of the stone walls and turrets in the moat, and the waterfowl floating on the water’s surface.
Sitting on a bench along the moat and reflecting on history is another way to enjoy your visit to Tsu Castle.
Restoration model of Tsu Castle and Center Palace
Center Palace, a commercial facility in Tsu City, displays an elaborate restoration model of Tsu Castle. This model recreates the appearance of Tsu Castle in its heyday and helps in understanding the layout of now-lost structures and the overall structure of the castle.
By viewing the model, you can grasp the layout of the main keep, western keep, and outer bailey, the moat system, and the structure of the castle town in three dimensions. Visiting the model at Center Palace before or after visiting the Tsu Castle ruins will allow you to understand Tsu Castle more deeply. ## Access to Tsu Castle and Surrounding Area Information
Access Methods
Access by Train
- Approximately 15 minutes on foot from JR Kisei Main Line/Kintetsu Nagoya Line “Tsu Station”
- Take the Mie Kotsu bus bound for “Tsu Shinmachi Station” from the west exit of Tsu Station, and get off at “Mie Kaikan-mae” bus stop.
Access by Car
- Approximately 10 minutes from Ise Expressway “Tsu IC”
- Parking: Paid parking is available around the castle park.
Opening Hours and Admission Fee
The castle park is always open and admission is free. Visiting Takayama Shrine is recommended during the daytime.
Nearby Tourist Attractions
There are other sights to see around Tsu Castle.
- Tsu Kannon: An ancient temple considered one of Japan’s three most important Kannon temples.
- Shitennoji: A temple built by Todo Takatora.
- Tsu City Central Plaza: A place for citizen interaction.
- Mie Prefectural Art Museum: A rich collection of modern art.
Starting from Tsu Castle, you can enjoy sightseeing exploring the history and culture of Tsu City.
Historical Relationship between Tsu Castle and Tsu City
Present-day Tsu City is based on the castle town that flourished thanks to Tsu Castle. Todo Takatora developed Tsu Castle and systematically laid out the castle town, allowing Tsu to develop into the political, economic, and cultural center of Ise Province.
The town layout from the castle town era forms the basis of the current central Tsu City, and traces of that time remain in the road layout and place names. Tsu Castle was not merely a military facility, but functioned as the core of urban development.
After the Meiji Restoration, Tsu Castle was abandoned, but the castle ruins were developed as a place of recreation for citizens and continue to be a symbol of Tsu City. The Tsu Castle ruins, affectionately known as Castle Park, have become an integral part of the identity of Tsu citizens.
The Cultural Value of Tsu Castle
The Tsu Castle ruins were designated a Mie Prefecture Historic Site in March 2005. This signifies the official recognition of Tsu Castle’s historical and cultural value.
Furthermore, in 2017, it was designated as one of the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles (No. 152), and is highly regarded as a nationally important castle.
The fact that it was a castle built by the master castle builder Todo Takatora, showcasing the pinnacle of his skills as his residence; that it functioned as the center of Ise Province from its founding by Oda Nobukane until the Meiji Restoration; and that the remains such as stone walls and moats are still well-preserved, all contribute to its value as a cultural property.
Points to Remember When Visiting Tsu Castle
To make your visit to Tsu Castle ruins more fulfilling, keep the following points in mind:
- Carefully observe the stone walls: The stone walls, a condensed example of Todo Takatora’s castle-building techniques, are a must-see. Pay attention to the footpaths and the way the stones are stacked.
- Visit Takayama Shrine: This shrine is dedicated to Todo Takatora and also houses a stamp for the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles.
- Stroll along the moat: Walk around the inner moat and experience the defensive system that utilized the water moat.
- Enjoy the scenery of the four seasons: The beauty is especially exceptional during the cherry blossom season in spring and the autumn foliage season.
- View the model of the Center Palace: This helps to understand the overall structure of Tsu Castle in its heyday.
- Explore nearby historical sites: Visiting historical sites closely related to Tsu Castle, such as Tsu Kannon Temple and Shitennoji Temple, will give you a deeper understanding of Tsu’s history.
Summary
Tsu Castle is a historical fortress that was built by Oda Nobukane, underwent major renovations by Todo Takatora, and functioned as the administrative center of the Tsu Domain until the Meiji Restoration. It boasts many highlights, including the stone walls that embody the skills of the master castle builder Takatora, a defensive system utilizing moats, and a practical design without a keep.
Currently, it is beautifully maintained as a castle park, offering a place of relaxation for citizens where they can enjoy the remains of the stone walls and moats, as well as Japanese and Western gardens and seasonal scenery. Designated as one of the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles and protected as a Mie Prefecture designated historical site, Tsu Castle is a symbol of Tsu City and a valuable legacy that conveys its history and culture.
When you visit Tsu, be sure to stroll through the castle park and experience Todo Takatora’s castle-building techniques and the history of Tsu. Taking a stroll along the quiet moat and reflecting on the castle’s appearance in its heyday will surely be a memorable experience.